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Meeting the emission levels imposed for NOx and particulate matter (PM) by the legislation (Euro IV in 2005 and, in the 2008 perspective, Euro V) requires the development of a number of critical technologies, so as to fulfil these very stringent emission limits (e.g. 0.025 g/km for PM).
Wall-flow filters (materials: partially sintered SiC or cordierite grains; pore size: 10 μm) are very efficient (>90%) since they are based on a shallow-bed filtration mechanism, whereas foam (materials: zirconiatoughened-alumina or -mullite, SiC; pore size: 100-400 μm) and fibre filters (materials: dopedalumina; fibre size: 10 μm) are somehow less efficient as a consequence of the deep filtration mechanism they enable.

It was assigned to the reduction of energy transfer which was caused by the gathering of rare earth ions in the boundary of grain and also the weak interaction of charge carriers and doping ions due to the lower solubility of rare earth ions in the ZnO materials [8].
Obviously, after loading the number of positive net charge of La is increased, indicating that electrons of La atom are transferred to O atoms.

Here, we denote the slip amounts of primary slip system in crystal i as p iγ& (i=1~n, n=729: number of FEM elements), and slip amounts of secondary slip systems crossing with the primary slip system in the same crystal i as s iγ& (s=1~8); then the multiplicative amounts Γ of intersected slides between primary and secondary slip systems is defined as [4] (3) in which .avΓ is average of Γ per element.
Fig.8 Comparison of localized deformation diagram between simulated result and experimental data of A1070 with grain size 74µm Fig. 7 Example of fractal dimension changes of laser speckle pattern on Aluminum specimens under proportional strain paths References [1] M.

The thick films have 96% purity of Al2O3 and 4-7 micrometers of grain size.
The number of the layer of the Cr-Si multilayer structure was 6 or 10, and thicknesses were estimated as 700 - 1200nm by an alpha step method.

The calculated temperature is range from 1000 to 4000K, and the numbers marked in figure are corresponding to above reactions from (3) to (7).
The higher saturation is advantageous to form rod-like Si3N4 crystal or grain with low length-diameter ratio while form Si3N4 whisker with high length-diameter ratio under lower saturation.

It showed a single phase of bismuth layer-structured compounds with layer number m = 2 and the relative density to the theoretical density was higher than 95%.
This result indicates that alignments of spontaneous polarization in ceramic grains are progressing with increasing poling time until 10 min.

Magnetic measurements were performed in the temperature range 2 - 300 K and magnetic field up to 6 T by means of extraction magnetometer (Quantum Design PPMS) in the form of powder sample with randomly oriented grains fixed by a glue.
All atoms in the structure have high coordination numbers: 22 for the rare-earth component, 15 for indium, and 12 for nickel.

The supersaturated α-Mg with high-concentration Al regions occurred along the grain boundaries of the substrate, and β-Mg17Al12 intermetallics grew as lamellar and bulk precipitation from the supersaturated α-Mg regions due to coring effect during the casting process.
A large number of particles with 20-100 nm in size were observed in the solidification microstructure, and these nano-particles were found to be β-Mg17Al12 intermetallics based on SAD study (Fig. 2 (d)).

The definition of durability, in accordance with the R10/3 of the priority number system, in the series, based on the surface roughness value before grinding, if the decline of the surface roughness value can not reached up to one lever, that is considered as the loss of abrasive grinding capacity [8].
He: The Analysis and Research on Sintering Preparation and Finishing Characteristic of Magnetic Abrasive Grains (M.S.

Accordingly, CCA is commonly applied to control the grain size and to modify the eutectic microconstituent of Al-Si alloys [7], and to control the chemical composition (carbon and silicon content) of cast irons [8].
For eutectic gray iron, an instantaneous nucleation model [20] was used, where the number of nucleation sites depends on the cooling rate of the melt when it reaches the eutectic temperature upon cooling.