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All efforts have been made to achieve considerable advances in physical properties and tackle issues like polymerization shrinkage, wear resistance, hardness and to achieve patient satisfaction in terms of the esthetic appearance such as improved translucency and polishing ability [1].
Before leading to gingival inflammation, the main problem of resin-based composite restorations and their surface properties is the occurrence of secondary caries [13].
Moreover, the composition of APF gel may affect the surface roughness changes on composite surfaces.
Composition of the composite materials is a major factor regarding the adverse effects of APF on surface roughness.
This evidence shows that composite materials are still far from simulating enamel in surface properties.

In addition, nanoparticles are blended with polymer to enhance their properties or to change their form.
Characterization of the magnetic properties of magnetic films was measured using Quantum Design’s PPMS Versalab instrument.
Lo, “Magnetic nanoparticles: Essential factors for sustainable environmental applications,” Water Res. 47(8), 2613–2632 (2013)
Chen, “Sequential in-situ route to synthesize novel composite hydrogels with excellent mechanical, conductive, and magnetic responsive properties,” Mater.
Gil, “Effects of magnetite nanoparticles on the thermorheological properties of carrageenan hydrogels,” J.

FSMAs exhibit a magnetic-field-activated giant recoverable strain of about 10% together with pronounced mechanical/electrical/magnetic/caloric properties, making them very suitable for the use in sensing/actuating devices [2-4].
When in thin film form, these properties can be affected by several parameters, including the composition, internal stress, thermal treatment, morphology and thickness of the thin films [5,6].
In this sense, the abilities of micro- and nano-fabrication of FSMAs and downscaling of their functional properties are crucial for implementation in devices like microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
In addition to the patterned samples, continuous 500nm thick Ni-Mn-Ga films have been deposited onto non-patterned substrates using the deposition conditions and heat treatments of route 2 to contrast their properties with the patterned analogs.
The process allows tailoring the dimensions of the pattern, giving rise to different properties of the FSMA film.

Introduction Due to their inherent advantages such as low density, high damping properties, good machinability and EMI shielding, Magnesium (Mg) alloys have gained an increasing attention as a society-supporting material.
Lightness is an essential factor for the practical application of Mg alloys in the transportation vehicles and portable IT products, and in view of safety, crashworthiness and comfortableness for these items, high damping capacity related to suppressing unwanted noise, irregular vibrations and resulting structural instabilities is also very important.
Despite a number of investigations on microstructures and mechanical properties for Mg-Li based alloys [4-9], however, there is little information available on their damping properties to date.
Considering this mechanism, it is reasonable to expect that the higher the strength, the lower the damping capacity in response to the increased breakaway stress and actually, most metallic materials with higher strength show lower damping properties [2].
The annealing treatment at 200 o C or 400 ο C enhances the damping capacity only for the Mg-3%Li and Mg-8%Li alloys containing α phase, whereas the damping capacity of the Mg-13%Li (β) alloy is hardly affected by the annealing treatment.

Quality Analysis of Fiber Point Diffraction According to diffraction theory, the main influence factors to spherical wave quality of fiber point diffraction are core diameter, ellipticity and surface error of fiber end.
Obviously, the both kinds of factors determine the measurement extension in fact.
However, the double-fiber interferometer has some disadvantages which affect the measurement accuracy.
The effects of road transport, vibration and air turbulence on reference wave and the detection is lower, and a common road of two optical fiber transmission can also eliminate the error caused by the optical properties, including transmission media and feature difference.
Numerical analysis results show that the size of the fiber core has serious effect on the residual aberration and the other factors have little effect.

It is well known that heat transfer coefficient during the forced convection, in addition to thermal conductivity, is also affected by liquid properties such as viscosity, density and specific heat, and on the other hand, the geometry of the system, and the average velocity of the fluid.
So far obtained experience with nanofluids indicate that there are other factors than those already mentioned, the affect heat transfer coefficient during the flow in the channels like: concentration of the nanoparticles, their size (distribution) and the material from which they are made, the method of preparation of nanoparticles and nanofluids, pH and zeta potential of nanofluids as well as the method of heating of the measuring section (electric heating can affect the migration of nanoparticles are likely to carry electrical charge).
CuO-water nanofluid clearly produces higher friction factor when compared to water and the 2%vol. nanofluid.
The surface enlargement factor for all the plates was 1.157 [25].
It seems that the decisive factor of the pressure drop increase recorded for nanofluids is nanoparticle agglomeration.

Ghazali Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA azailan@mfi.unikl.edu.my, bzaki@eng.ukm.my Keywords: I-kaz, condition monitoring, airborne technique, wear, signal processing Abstract.
The similar finding was reported in the study of condition-based monitoring on automotive gearbox using ultrasonic signal in which I-kaz coefficient was used in clustering process against Kurtosis, Crest Factor and Skewness [10].
The pattern of correlation between K’ and 7Z∞ values was affected by work material and sliding condition.
Dry sliding friction and wear properties of zinc based alloys.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

The physical research of battery material is of an importance, particularly considering that battery performance will be greatly affected by the physical properties of its constituent material.
The study of inorganic oxide based lithium ion conductive material is particularly important because of its high chemical stability and mechanical strength.
Therefore, we believe that studying the physical properties of non-rare or less-rare earth materials is also important.
Table 1 The relationship between the chemical composition, space group, and lattice constant of LZTO. x Space group Lattice constant [Å] 0.33 Fd3m‐Oh7 8.3923 0.50 P4332‐O6 8.3738 0.60 P4332‐O6 8.3621 Li2xZn2-3xTi1+xO4 (x=0.33～0.6), abbreviated as LZTO, is a negative cathode material, which is expected to be utilized as the negative cathode of a solid-state lithium ion battery due to its superior charging and discharging properties [7-12].
On the other hand, as far as the author knows, there has been no report regarding the fabrication and electrical properties of LZTO (x=0.33～0.6) single crystal.

Laser surface melting allows selective heating and melting of the surface, which modifies the surface properties of the material due to rapid melting followed by rapid solidification.
The high cooling rates to which this surface layer is subjected results in the formation of different microstructures from the bulk metal, leading to improved properties such as better resistance to wear and corrosion [1-2].
Previous studies have shown that LSR could be employed to improve the corrosion resistance properties of 304 stainless steels. [3-5].
The latent heat released during solidification was taken into account by a term that includes a temperature accumulation factor [14].
Wada Summary of thermal properties for casting alloys and mold materials (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1980) [16] O.

The properties of aggregates based on blast furnace or steel slag are determined to a decisive degree by the process employed by the specific ironmaker or steelmaker in question, or as the case may be, the specific producer of a nonferrous metal.
The determining properties of steelworks waste include: Ø heterogeneity; Ø volume instability; Ø variable mineralogical and chemical compositions; Ø difficulty of predicting its long-term behavior.
The properties listed above are interrelated and interacting.
However, this comparison was influenced by affecting of minerals in initial samples (hydration and carbonation) with typical products (portlandite, calcite, CSH, brucite) (Fig. 8).
The mechanical properties of these products differ depending on place and time of their origin.