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Therefore, modeling simulation and studying the dynamic property are the first important task in controlling the hydraulic system precisely.
It is beneficial to understand the performance and influence factor of the system.
The transfer function model under such case has a larger error and would affect the performance of the system and control stability.
Most importantly, earth pressure balance shield machine consists of mechanical, hydraulic, electronic systems.
Conclusions Hydraulic system being the important section in earth pressure balance shield machine, the precision of the constructed model will directly affect the analysis results and construction strategy, which play an important role on shield construction quality.

The ground control points are applied by Stephen to improve the quality of disparity image and reduce the strip blemish, however it needs a long time to obtain the control points, which results in the increase of the whole matching time so that the real-time performance of algorithm will be affected [3][4].
The most important characteristics of dynamic programming method are non-after effect property, namely the evolvement of sequent process will be affected by previous states and decision-making once the state of certain stage is confirmed.
Firstly a smaller disparity range calculated using Laplacians of Gaussian pyramid, Secondly an parallel mechanical is implied to accelerate the matching speed.
To construct the pyramid, we first blur and sub sample the original image by a factor of two and store this in the next level of the pyramid.

The response of reinforced concrete buildings to earthquake loads can be substantially affected by the influence of infill walls.
Figure 3 In-plane monotonic and cyclic displacement-force relationship of the proposed model The width of the equivalent strut w is determined by means of the relative stiffness parameter lh proposed by Stafford-Smith [2] and by two constants K1 and K2 calibrated on the basis of experimental tests: (8) where lh is a non-dimensional parameter depending on the geometric and mechanical characteristics of the frame-infill system, K1 and K2 are coefficients that change according to lh, and d is the length of the equivalent strut.
Table 1 Properties of the masonry and its components Mean compressive strength/mean elastic modulus [N/mm2] Mortar Calcarenite Clay tile block Calcarenite masonry Clay tile masonry Calcarenite masonry Claytile masonry Along the holes Orthogonal to the holes 4.1/6100 6.1/3810 6.5/3600 7.5/3750 4/9000 19.5/3870 3.1/1310 According to the test result in Table 1, the parameters used for the proposed model are: for specimen I1, sm=4.1Mpa, Em=6.1Gpa, τm0=0.85Mpa, the strength of the strut element Vm=199KN, and the stiffness Km=86 KN/mm; for specimen I5, sm=6.1Mpa, Em =3.81Gpa, τm0=1.0Mpa, the strength of the strut element Vm =168KN, and the stiffness Km=47 KN/mm.
What’s more, in Figure 6 (b) and Figure 7 (b), the comparisons are made between the experimental responses and the analytical ones obtainable by using the mechanical law proposed by Klingner and Bertero; from the shapes of the cycles, it can be clearly found the improvement of the results obtainable by means of the proposed analytical approach.
The h/t for this panel was around 11.5, and Δcr was about 4.5 mm, resulting in a reduction factor R1 of 0.73.

The influence of grain size on the mechanical properties of a metal is commonly described by the Hall–Petch formula: (1) where σs is yield strength, d is the grain size, and σ0 and k are positive constants.
Nevertheless, it is of considerable importance to understand the key factors which control the grain size of 5xxx alloys.
Specimens were prepared by mechanical grinding and subsequent polishing with a 30nm solution.
Apparently, the reduction in hardness (driving force) by recovery did not affect the texture significantly even though the grain sizes were coarser than the unrecovered samples.

Grain Refinement Efficiency in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of FCC Metals Inferred from Crystal Plasticity Simulations of Slip Activities Saiyi Li1, a 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China a saiyi@scut.edu.cn Keywords: Equal channel angular extrusion; Grain refinement; Crystal plasticity; Severe plastic deformation; Strain path Abstract.
Introduction Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has been successfully applied to improve the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials through effective grain refinement [1].
While the magnitude of grain refinement generally increases with the accumulated plastic deformation, which in turn depends on the die angle (Φ) and the number of passes, the "processing route" defined according to the rotation (χ) of the workpiece about its longitudinal axis between successive passes (see Fig. 1) is also known to be an important influential factor that has attracted intense research in the past decade.
The unavoidable SPC is an important factor to consider in understanding the grain refinement process during multi-pass ECAE.
Moreover, the grain refinement process may also be significantly affected by the development of deformation and microstructure heterogeneities at various scales, such as the formation of shear bands and deformation bands, which were not considered at all in the present type of simulations.

The most important chemical reactions which are responsible for the behaviour of τ3 with T and affect the fate of Ps are the following: 1) Ps oxidation by the H3O+ ions and OH radicals, 2) ortho-para-conversion of the Ps states due to collisions with OH, hydrated electrons and, less probably, with the radical-cations H2O+.
Finally, we have developed a new version of the Ps bubble model which takes into account a finite size of the e+e- pair and allows to calculate some properties of the Ps bubble state in a medium.
To obtain the ground state parameters of the e+-e- pair in the bubble with the help of the quantum mechanical variational method we have adopted the following expression for the wave function of the pair: = . (13) Here and are standard expressions for the wave functions of e+ and e- in a square-well potential (U, RU), α and a are variational parameters.
N is the normalization factor.
It should be noted that parameters U and RU describing the potential well acting on e+ (the same for e-) differ from those acting on the structureless Ps For “point” Ps the depth of the well is two times deeper then for e+ and thickeness of the electronic layer is less by a factor of two (because of a difference in masses of the particles). .

Heat treatment at 400˚C for one hour significantly affects properties of coatings.
It can be concluded that, the heat treatment temperature, rather than the pH of the coating solution, is the dominant factor in determining the final deposit hardness.
Bogani, Tribological properties of electroless Ni-P/diamond composite films, Materials research bulletin, 36 (2001) 1889-1902
Vijayaraghavan, Investigation of the surface properties of heat treated electroless Ni–P coating, Transactions of the IMF, 94 (2016) 265-273
Matik, Structural and wear properties of heat-treated electroless Ni-P alloy and Ni-P-Si3N4 composite coatings on iron based PM compacts, Surface and Coatings Technology, 302 (2016) 528-534

Introduction Concrete is traditionally modeled as a two-phase composite material, consisting of aggregate particles and a cement paste matrix, to explain its overall physical properties.
This fact implies that the ITZs in concrete can have a significant effect on the physical properties of concrete [3].
It has been found that the inclusion of aggregate in the hydrated cement paste matrix has two opposite effects on the transport properties.
The test results indicate that aggregates modify the mesostructure and the transport properties of mortars.
Although there are many factors that may affect the distribution of aggregates in concrete, such as placement and compaction, standard practice of concrete construction requires uniformity and consistancy in concrete making.

SMA as NiTi, exhibits very peculiar and interesting functional physical properties due to the occurrence of a solid-to-solid phase transition involving the austenite and martensite phases, favored at high and low temperature, respectively.
They constructed a 6 x 6 prototype shape display using RC servomotors to actuate an array of mechanical pins.
These factors mean that their display cannot be used in high bandwidth applications [12].
B Adamson for his contribution to make the mechanical parts of the work.
Brandies: On the transformation behaviour, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of two NiTi-based shape memory alloys NiTi42 and NiTi42Cu7, vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 2153-2161(9) Elsevier Science (2001)

Preparation of Nano Carbon Black/Epoxy Composite by Frontal Polymerization Zhuo CHEN1,2,a, Peng LIU2,b, Lei SHI2,c, Zhi-Xiong HUANG3,d and Bing-Yan JIANG1,2,e,* 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; 2School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China 3School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China acz2009@csu.edu.cn, blpaijun@126.com , cshileibetter@gmail.com, dzhixiongh@whut.edu.cn, e jby@csu.edu.cn *Corresponding author Keywords: frontal polymerization, epoxy resin, nano carbon powder, composite.
In this research, nano carbon-black was used as filler to improve the electrical property of epoxy resin.
The amount of hardener is a key factor which effects the reacting front propagating velocity, the minimum amount of DETA required for the reacting front propagating through test tube is 8wt% of epoxy resin.
The heat may affect the quality of the material, especailly when air bubble existed, or even damage the test tube.