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This research aims to achieve in situ observation of the fatigue crack evolution process and to quantify the through-thickness crack tip opening behavior in an Al-Mg-Si alloy by using high resolution microtomography to investigate the factors influencing the crack growth rates.
In order to improve mechanical property and to break up coarse casting microstructure the as-cast alloy was hot rolled by multiple passes.
Researches on the interaction of two parallel surface cracks have indicated that when the two cracks are close to each other the interaction between cracks may affects the stress field as well as crack growth rate.
These researches also revealed that stress intensity factors reduce when sufficient overlapping produces between the two cracks [15, 16].
The calculated Mode I stress intensity factor range as a function of crack front position is shown in Fig. 5(b).

So, for defect two-dimensional barcode, the method is difficult to ensure the barcode image to its original state, which will affect the accuracy of the information decoded.
In order to compensate for the scale differences between images, add scale factor in Marr wavelet： (10) The extracted result of the local maxima after adding the scale factor is shown as fig. 7(c).
So we can think that the join of scale factor will well offset the influence of the scale change.
With the property, when the image local entropy difference is less than the given threshold , we can take the entropy in the larger size of the window to search for the best matching.
References [1] WANG Su-an, HE Wei-ping and ZHANG Wei: China Mechanical Engineering, 2007(6): 676-680.

One could use transponder and its physical properties as a sensing element (impact of different environmental condition for transponder antenna detuning, phase and strength changing of backscattered signal).
Sensors based on RFID transponders First approach, applied in design procedure of new type of passive sensors, is connected with using the impact of different factors for communication between the reader and the transponder.
Generally these factors, treated as disadvantages of communication system based on RFID technology, are crucial in application connected with sensing of environmental conditions.
After noticing some of the features of fabrication of conductive traces on ROBAX substrate, like for instance shrinkage of traces by annealing, we have decided to develop model with wider tracks, using screen with larger mesh factor (initial concerns about spillage of tracks by annealing have been canceled), backed with thicker foil, which affected more accurate mapping of screen traces on substrate, due to thicker tracks.
Fig. 4 Graphical User Interface of developed reader software Discussion Crack damage sensor developed by us belongs to the group of sensors, which operating principle is based on the impact of external factors on communication between reader and transponder.

Introduction Among promising thermoelectric materials, half-Heusler and full-Heusler systems attracted interest because of i) a large power factor found in some of such systems, even at low temperatures and ii) because of excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability as it is obvious from very high melting temperatures, well above 1000◦C.
This gives rise to either n or p-type dominated electronic transport and allows by doping or substitution to tune the Fermi energy and thus to tailor thermoelectric properties accordingly.
An other alternative are off-stoichiometric systems such as (Fe2/3V1/3)100−yAly [5] which disclose significant changes of physical properties (e.g., the electronic transport changes from p-type to n-type conductivity) by modest changes in concentrations.
Measurements of the various physical properties were carried out with a series of standard techniques [22].
To classify the physical behaviour, specifically the thermoelectric properties, transport phenomena were studied in an extended temperature range and results will be presented and discussed in the remaining part of this section.

However, the layer above the water table is actually in unsaturated; and the moisture and tiny seepage flow significantly affects the water content of layers.
The matrix suction in unsaturated medium is important factor that controls seepage flow characteristic and mechanical properties [7, 8].

Design and Development of Electro-Discharge Drilling Process Abhishek Singha, Pradeep Kumarb, Inderdeep Singh c Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - 247667, INDIA aabhirojs@gmail.com, bKumarfme@iitr.ernet.in, cinderfme@iitr.ernet.in Keywords: EDD process, MRR, MMCs.
They have studied effect of current, voltage, pulse on-time and duty factor on grinding forces and MRR.
Yan et al. [9] reported that electrical parameters significantly affect than the non-electrical parameters and focused on Al2O3/6061Al composite using rotary electro discharge machining with a tube electrode.
Material taken is [7075-T6] Al alloy, which has the following properties: Density = 2.7 Mg/m3; Shear modulus = 70 Gpa; Young’s modulus = 70 GPa; Yield stress = 500 GPa.

Introduction The environment is increasingly being affected by pollution, and one of the most serious forms of pollution is chemical in nature: oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions from various industrial processes, containing inorganic or organic compounds that are effectively detrimental to organic life [1-3].
Among the oil-adsorbent materials, the most widely used are natural inorganic mineral products, because of their high ion exchange capacity, large surface area, swelling properties, and strong adsorption capacities [8,9].
Solid Nomenclature Natural Bofe Clay NBC Organoclay (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride CTAC) OC Factorial experimental design A two-level factorial experimental design with three replicates in the central point was applied in order to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the influence of individual factor on the variables being analyzed.
The set (emulsion oil–water/clay) was kept under mechanical ranging from 100 to 200 rpm for 6 h to ensure the system equilibrium [9].

Adherend thickness (t1) and adherend material properties (Mah) (Figure 4) 2.
The effect on stiffness of varying joint parameters Adhesive material properties variations (Mav).
Adhesive material properties.
Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, UK, (1989).
Stress Concentration Factors for Bonded Joints.

However, the cornea is also the most vulnerable portion of the ocular surface, and various factors, such as diseases (inflammations, dystrophies, or degenerations) and trauma (mechanical, thermal, or chemical), can lead to corneal disorders causing partial or total loss of vision.
This rationale is tenuous: both the pump function (fluid out) and the leak function (fluid in) would be affected by the placement of an artificial barrier, such providing little reason for the dehydration to occur preferentially.
In summarizing the procedure [68], Maurice concluded that the duration of seeding the cells to the donor stroma is the most important factor affecting the clinical success.
Recently, Hsiue and co-workers [61] confirmed that gelatin was an ideal substratum for HCECs, both in terms of cytocompatibility and mechanical properties.
These include the adenosine receptor able to stimulate adenylyl cyclase, with the resulting increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enhancing the net transendothelial flux [124]; the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor [125] which may lead to the acetylcholine stimulation of the transendothelial potential difference and fluid transport [126]; and platelet activity factor (PAF) receptor that inhibits the flux on binding to PAF [127].

The joint open of pavement is affected by pavement temperature changes, dry and wet change, material properties of cement slab and the length of cement slab.
The size of warping measure had some influences to the width design of cement concrete pavement joint; it shows a maximum warping measure without the base constraint factor.
We just consider the factor of dry shrinkage deformation in the joint open to simplified calculation.
The people of Darter, Barenberg and Weng Zhong-xing had established formula of joint open under the consideration of mechanical analysis and test, temperature, dry-wet process and different restricted conditions as follow
[4] QIN Feng., Experimental study on shrinkage properties of cement-stabilized macadam base course with rubber powder, Journal of New Building Materials, December, 2009, pp.32-35