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As a consequence, in recent years, remarkable research effort has been spent in the development of numerical models to evaluate preform properties.
The role of non-uniform spatial arrangement of fibers, as well as its relevant effect on the failure/damage properties of composite materials, has been highlighted by Vaughan et al in [20].
The opportunity of a proper consideration of the geometric disorder of the fiber distribution in RVE has been remarked in [21,22] and [23-26], respectively for mechanical properties and permeability calculations.
It was stated that periodic models could be used in some cases to compute effective properties if no safety assessment is needed [21].
Following these early works, this paper aims to investigate the influence of the stochastic variability of the fiber packing on tow properties.

Particularly, for drilling of aluminum cast alloy, since the aluminum cast alloys have many unfavorable properties for dry cutting including high-thermal conductivity, high-thermal expansion and low-melting point, dry drilling of aluminum cast alloys without any cutting fluids is considered as a great difficult theme [8].
The material of the workpiece tested in this study was the aluminum cast alloy with high silicon (JIS ADC12), and the properties of the material listed in Table 2.
Table2� Properties of aluminum cast alloy (JIS ADC12) Cu Si Mg Zn Fe Mn Ni Sn Al Chemical properties 1.5-3.5 9.6-12.0 <0.3 <3.0 <1.3 <0.5 <0.5 <0.3 other Density Mg/m3 Solidification range ͠ Thermal Expansion ˜10-6/͠ Thermal Conductivity W/m㨯͠ Physical properties 2.70 515 – 580 21.0 92 Tensile strength N/mm2 2㧑 Offset yield Strength N/mm2 Elongation 㧑 Impact value k J/m2 Mechanical properties 295 185 2.0 81 Table3 Experimental conditions Cutting conditions Diameter of drill: 8mm Drilling position: 24mm in depth of drilling Cutting speed v: 50m/min Feed rate f: 0.05, 0.1, 0.2mm/rev Dry (Without any aid of coolant or lubricant supply) Air blow (Compressed air supplied through drill’s oil hole) supply air pressure: 0.8MPa Other conditions MQL (Oil mist supplied through drill’s oil hole) Equipment: Fuji BC Engineering Co., Ltd14) Fluid type: Vegetable oil Supply air pressure: 0.8Mpa Supply quantity:
And another factor, which must be considered, is the chip/flute adhesion (welding).
The chip/flute adhesion affects the chip formation and the chip removal strongly.

Introduction Messier-Bugatti-Dowty aim to produce landing gear which supports the aerospace industry’s drive to reduce the environmental impact of air travel: by improving the corrosion properties and reducing the weight of their landing gear, which is currently mostly made from high strength stainless steel [1].
One way to implement these changes is to alter the landing gear material; titanium alloys have better corrosion properties and better strength-to-weight ratio than stainless steel so they are an obvious alternative.
The graphite foil also protects the die and punches from mechanical damage.
This is an advantage as grain boundary alpha detrimentally affects ductility[12, 13].
Li (Ed.), Microstructure and Properties of Materials Volume 2, World Scientific, Singapore, 2000

Specifically, hydrolytic degradation under conventional aqueous dyeing conditions and low dye exhaustion are two limiting factors [5-11].
It affects the shade of dyed fabrics, cost of dyeing, colorfastness to laundering and wet crocking, and dyeing wastewater treatment.
The WLF parameters were derived using viscoelastic properties of polymers, which were obtained above Tg.
[2] Blackburn, R.S., et al., Effect of d-isomer concentration on the coloration properties of poly(lactic acid).
[7] Yang, Y., et al., Dyeing conditions and their effects on mechanical properties of polylactide fabric.

The OEMs have been able to accomplish this by a combination of technical factors including lightweighting.
In particular, it supports a significant research project on prediction of mechanical properties of high-pressure die castings at the University of Western Ontario which is described in greater detail below.
The main objective for Phase I is to utilize the selected processes to improve cast component quality vs. conventional casting processes by achieving a more homogeneous distribution of properties while demonstrating consistent and predictable mechanical properties having improved strength and ductility.
Wood at the University of Western Ontario and colleagues, who are conducting a comprehensive study on the correlation between casting parameters, macro- and micro-defects and mechanical properties of large, complex high-pressure die castings.
Research also compares mechanical properties and microstructure in the surface area (the "skin" of the casting) to the subsurface material.

The properties of the tools shown in Table 2a are characteristics of commercially available powders (HTCS1) with high thermal conductivity that are used to manufacture tools with the L-PBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) technique.
The presence of such supports is not recommended as it can adversely affect the flow conditions inside the channels [18].
"Cooling systems design in hot stamping tools by a thermal-fluid-mechanical coupled approach."
Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (2014): 545727
"Determination of thermal and mechanical material properties of ultra‐high strength steels for hot stamping." steel research international 79.2 (2008): 98-104

It is considered that Ostwald ripening rate of precipitates is also an important factor in controlling abnormal grain growth in addition to the amount and size of precipitates and austenite grain size, which were parameters in the Gladman's theory on abnormal grain growth behavior.
Introduction Machine parts like gears and bearings are carburized to improve anti-fatigue property, wear resistant and so on.
Specimens are heat-treated at high temperature for long time to be carburized, therefore abnormal grain growth could occur and the mechanical properties like toughness would be depressed.
In these parameters, former three affect abnormal grain growth behavior through the austenite grain size after reverse transformation.

Therefore, the solubility of the ilmenite ore in sulfuric acid environment is one of the key factors to obtain the desired TiO2 particles.
Mazzocchitti et al. [10] studied silicon and aluminum removal from ilmenite concentrates by alkaline leaching that caustic leaching of ilmenite concentrates resulted in the removal of silicon, as well as of aluminum, without affecting the contents of titanium and iron.
The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical and chemical properties of the used solute and solvent as well as on temperature, pressure and the pH of the solution.
[6] Sasikumar, C., Rao, D.S., Srikanth, S., Ravikumar, B.: Effect of mechanical activation on the kinetics of sulfuric leaching of beach sand ilmenite from Orissa, India, Hydrometallurgy Vol. 75 (2004), p. 189 – 204

Main factors of sintering: the sintering temperature and time, temperature gradient.
The result shows that the electrical properties of nanocrystalline W-La2O3 electrode are better than the traditional coarse grain powder metallurgy electrodes.
Zhou, et al., The properties of the binary composite rare earth tungsten electrode materials, Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 1999, 3 (In Chinese) [4] Nie Z, Zhou M, Chen Y, et al.
Influence of CeO2-Doping on Electrical Properties of HfO2 Gate Dielectrics [J].
Properties of RE–W cathode and its application in electrostatic precipitation for high temperature gas clean-up[J].

Fabrication of Integral Core/shell Ceramic Casting Mould for Hollow Turbine Blade Haihua Wu1, a, Dichen Li2, b, Yiping Tang2, c 1College of Mechanical & Material Engineering, China Three Gorges University, P.
However, how to manufacture the double-walled structure for the transpiration cooling with high quality and low cost becomes a key factor restricting this cooling technology.
The composition of ceramic slurry will affect not only the baking and sintering behavior but also the room- and high-temperature properties of the casting mould.
It can be seen that when the sintering temperature was over 1600℃, the sintered shrinkage exceeded 1.2% and hence affected the structural integrity of the ceramic casting mould; when the sintering temperature was under 1500℃, the room-temperature flexural strength was lower than 10MPa.