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A number of cavities appeared behind lining after completion of the Longmen tunnel which will be studied in this paper, they lead to initial lining crack and leakage and have affected the normal operation of the tunnel.
The tunnel gradually appeared such diseases as the lining crack, leakage and so on, and which had affected the normal operation of the tunnel.
Physical and mechanical parameters of materials are shown in Table 1.
This shows that the above reinforced plans can reduce the differences of peak acceleration response, and increase the structure integrity of seismic response of tunnel lining, and it improved the deformation property and seismic characteristics of tunnel lining
That means that the restriction effect of surrounding rock is main factor of the seismic response characteristics of tunnel lining structure

This is because the process is independent of the rigidity and mechanical properties of the tool materials.
The discharge of the capacitance affected the pulse voltage distribution, the pulse-on period (pulse duration) and the duration of sparking.
Table 1: Factor values and factor levels Factor Levels High Low Capacitance (A) 3300pF 220pF Voltage (B) 110v 80v Tool dia.
The above elaborations suggested that the factor (iii) would be the dominant mechanism in generating the possible ovality of the holes.
The outcome is affected by the energy input to melt and evaporate the specimen material and the ease of squeezing out the melt from the hole when the electrode is being retrieved.

One of the constituent materials of membranes is polymers, polymers are widely used because of their properties such as excellent film-forming properties, good mechanical strength, physical and chemical thermal stability, and stability over a wide range of pH levels [6].
This is in accordance with the false statement that the factor that affects permeability is porosity.
This membrane is not yet hydrophobic in accordance with the properties of the main material of the membrane, namely cellulose acetate.
Where membranes made of cellulose acetate have hydrophilic properties [13].
Yussof, “Effects of air gap on membrane substrate properties and membrane performance for biomass processing,” Korean J.

Several reviews have been published on the formation [6–8], stress [9] and properties [10] of these silicide films with thickness in the range of a few hundreds of nms.
In order to get a better understanding of diffusion processes during silicide formation, it is thus important to determine the influence of these different factors.
They evaluate the different factors affecting diffusion during silicide formation by comparing the kinetics of growth of thin films and bulk diffusion couples with the diffusion parameters (lattice and GB diffusion coefficients) measured by classical diffusion methods.
Bisi, Electrical and optical properties of silicide single crystals and thin films, Mater.
Bergman, Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of kinetic factors involved in salicide process, Appl.

The results exhibited good coating properties.
Atimuttigul et al. [15] studied the effect of oil type on the properties of short oil alkyd.
Olatunji, Improving Jatropha curcas Linnaeus oil alkyd drying properties, Prog.
Tanthapanichakoon, Effects of oil type on the properties of short oil alkyd coating materials, Korean J.
Sami Boufi, Synthesis and properties of hybrid alkyd–acrylic dispersions and their use in VOC-free waterborne coatings, Prog.

Introduction Iron and aluminium as well as iron-aluminium alloys are very important metallic materials because of their outstanding physical, chemical and mechanical properties and their relatively low costs.
Procedure for studies of thermal vacancy properties, tracer diffusion and interdiffusion – a reminder The basic point defects in solids are vacancies and self-interstitials.
In addition, they have high activation enthalpies and they also have high pre-exponential factors.
In order to apply Eq. 23 the thermodynamic factors is needed as well.
Values of the thermodynamic factors are available from semi-empirical calculations by Liubich et al. [43, 44].

This particular potential was chosen to provide a good representation of the elastic properties of Ta at a moderate computational cost.
They provide a powerful way to express the orientations and misorientations of a polycrystalline material, facilitating the analysis of the grain boundary network including coincident-site lattice properties [56,59]-it is for this reason we use them here.
The nucleation of dislocations and twins is expected to be governed by the overall shear stress modified by local stress concentrators, as well as the usual considerations of lattice orientations (Schmid factors), mobilities and nucleation thresholds [64].
This strain hardening rate is a factor of 3 lower than the experimental value quoted above, and a factor of 30 lower than the biaxial value.
Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd ed.

., Jeonju, Korea 2 Corresponding Author, Automobile Hi-Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Mechanical & Aerospace System Eng., Chonbuk Nat'l Univ., Jeonju, Korea a vuconghoa@hcmut.edu.vn, b seodw@chonbuk.ac.kr, cjklim@chonbuk.ac.kr Keywords: Ductile fracture criteria, Void growth and coalescence, Cold workability, Finite element calculations Abstract.
Therefore, the predictions of voids growth are particularly important for the micro-mechanical understanding of ductile fracture.
The mechanical interaction between the contact surfaces is assumed to be non-intermittent, rough frictional contact.
The difference of these functions is the coefficients in which include properties of materials.
This spherical void model can be under affected by triaxiality stress state.

PCBN tools retain their properties at elevated cutting temperatures, without compromising the overall quality of the workpiece.
Machining with these tools has proven to be an equal or even better alternative to rival conventional and unconventional finishing processes, in terms of the characteristics of the surface and the subsurface of the finished part, which greatly affect its life cycle [1-3].
This factor is of particular interest as it decisively determines component behaviour.
AdvantEdge is a Lagrangian, explicit, dynamic code which can perform coupled thermo-mechanical transient analysis.
Chunzheng, On adiabatic shear localized fracture during serrated chip evolution in high speed machining of hardened AISI 1045 steel, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 75 (2013) 288–298

To understand the mechanical behaviors of nanocrystalline materials and to design them for desired mechanical properties, it is critical to fully understand their deformation mechanisms.
Introduction Nanocrystalline materials have been reported to have superior mechanical properties such as high strength, which in a few cases also coexists with very good ductility [1-3].
These superior mechanical properties are attributed to their unique deformation mechanisms, which are different from those in their coarse-grained (CG) counterparts [4-8].
As will be discussed later, the stacking fault energy is the main factor that affects the a E-mail: yzhu@lanl.gov above size ranges, especially the critical grain size for the transition from lattice dislocation slip to deformation twinning.
Similar observation was also reported in Ti processed by surface mechanical attrition treatment [40].