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Introduction Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an attractive route to produce bulk metallic materials with special – sometimes unique – combinations of properties [1].
However, more recent studies have revealed a strong heterogeneity in the kinetic properties of HAGBs in ECAP Cu and Cu-rich alloys [25, 26].
Such an idea will also allow one to correlate this process with the critical stress intensity factor of the material.
The relevant data from the mechanical tests of Dinda [40] are used here.
Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy (3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1986)

Experimental results showed a maximum increase of 13.56% in the Nusselt number for a Reynolds number of 1730.Yang et al. [20] established a mathematical model of hybrid nanofluids taking into account the migration of nanoparticles, which has a significant influence on the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids.
- The direction movement of the walls considerably affects the flow structure and the thermal field
Arasu, A comprehensive review of preparation, characterization, properties and stability of hybrid nanofluids, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2018) 1669-1689
Ho et al., Preparation and properties of hybrid water-based suspension of Al2O3 nanoparticles and MEPCM particles as functional forced convection fluid, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 490-494
Hussein, Thermal performance and thermal properties of hybrid nanofluid laminar flow in a double pipe heat exchanger, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science (2017)

Consequently, this significantly affects the transition layer formation, its size and geometry (Fig. 1).
However, in our opinion, these statements do not fully cover the entire range of influencing parameters, but reflect only a part of the influencing factors.
When choosing the temperature for pouring cast iron, factors such as the thickness of the billet and its temperature, the chemical composition of the cast iron and the thickness of the layer to be poured (second) are taken into account.
Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 13 (2018) 37–47
Zhu, Additive manufacturing of steel–bronze bimetal by shaped metal deposition: interface characteristics and tensile properties, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 69 (2013) 2131–2137

An excessive thickness difference leads to remelting effects after the casting gap or mechanical failure of the cast strip in the thick regions of the profile.
The precision and reliability of non-contact temperature measurements depends on several factors and on the type of instrument used.
Uncertainty in the emissivity of the surface and in the actual transmissivity of the optical path dividing measuring sensor and target object heavily affect the temperature readings.
The numerical discretization is based on a one-dimensional CrankNicolson finite difference scheme with temperature dependent thermal properties implemented in Matlab.
Chemical composition and thermal properties of the material AISI 304 C Si Mn Cr Ni TLiquidus TSolidus ΔHTr Unit [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [°C] [°C] [kJ/kg] Value 0.084 0.37 1.22 17.25 8.3 1458 1400 254 During the solidification phase the average heat flux between melt and casting rolls, measured during the casting experiments through the cooling water flow and its temperature change, regardless of the coating, has an order of magnitude of 10 MW/m2 and takes place in a time shorter than 0.8 s.

Mohammed1,a, Nur Irmawati Om2,b, Mazlan A.Wahid 1,c 1Department of Thermofluids, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia ahussein.dash@yahoo.com; bnur_emma86@yahoo.com, cmazlan@fkm.utm.my Keywords: Combined convection, inclined rectangular duct, nanofluids, heat transfer enhancement.
Past studies showed that nanofluids exhibit enhanced thermal properties, such as higher thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid.
The thermophysical properties of the nanofluids are affected by buoyancy force and it is given in Table 1.
Properties Base fluid (water) Au CuO SiO2 TiO2 ρ (kg/m3) 996.54 1912.245 1272.245 1057.245 1159.745 Cp (J/kg.K) 4180.2 2133.684 3248.279 3817.343 3539.014 κ (W/m.K) 0.6 0.709195 0.701002 0.635521 0.691557 μ (Ns/m2) 0.008532 0.001128 0.001128 0.001128 0.001128 β (1/K) 0.0002754 0.00011 0.000155 0.000186 0.000169 The dimensionless forms are interpreted as follows: X = x / Dh;Y = y / Dh;Z = z / Dh;Z* = Z / Pr ; U = u/ui;V = v/νi;W = w/wi ; θ = T / Tw; θi = Ti / Tw In above governing equations and in Table 1, the following equations were used to calculate the thermophysical properties of nanofluids as: The dynamic viscosity is calculated using the following equation as given by Corcione [24]: μnf= μf1-34.87 (dp/df)-0.3φ1.03 (7) Where df is the equivalent diameter of a base fluid molecule, and it is given by df=(6M/N π ρfo)1/3 in which M is the molecular weight of the base fluid, N is the Avogadro number, and ρfo is the mass density of the base fluid.
Comparison of the present results with the results of Chiu et al. [14], (a) Dimensionless temperature distribution, (b) Nusselt number, (c) friction factor Results and discussion The heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in inclined rectangular duct using nanofluidsare presented in this section in terms of Nusselt number and pressure drop.

The reac-tivity of bromine is due to two factors: the endothermicity of the stage of detachment of the hydrogen atom by the bro-mine radical; selectivity of the bromine atom with respect to the site of attack - it interacts only with tertiary hydrogen at-oms in the molecule of the limiting hydrocarbon [13].
The process stage diffusional or chemical practically does not affect the sensitivity of the method and the leakage measurement time.
Chemical balance, property of solutions.
Mechanical engineering.

The simulation can be used to predict the velocity, pressure, and other fluid properties at different points within the microchannel.
The accuracy of CFD simulations depends on the quality of the model input, including boundary conditions and fluid properties [17].
Laminar flow and incompressible fluid, constant 3D flow and heat change, temperature dependence of the physical characteristics of water, including its density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and minimal radiation heat transmission are all factors to consider.
Because fluid properties associated to heat movement, such as viscosity and thermal conductivity, changed with temperature, Figure 8 shows that the Nusselt number grew along with the mass flux without ever reaching a maximum.
Microfluidic‐based approaches in targeted cell/particle separation based on physical properties: Fundamentals and applications.

Supporting the Empirical Research on Diesel Engines with Multi-Equation Models Ryszard Zadrąg1 1Polish Naval Academy Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Śmidowicza St. 69, 81-103 Gdynia, Poland r.zadrag@amw.gdynia.pl Keywords: Diagnostic, theory of experiments, marine diesel engine, exhaust gas toxicity, multi-equation models Abstract.
It does not affect its performance, described by a set of output parameters.
The multi-equation model relations between input signals and output signals can be described by a system of linear equations (1) where: - explained variables (outputs), , - explanatory variables (inputs), is a factor present in the -th equation with-th being the explained variable (output), - is a factor present in the -th equation with-th being the explanatory variable (input), , - is a non-observable random component in the -th equation.
The system of equations (4) can be written in the matrix form yk+1=Ayk+Bxk+ξ (5) where: A=a11a21⋯am1a12a22⋯am2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1ma2m⋯amm, B=b11b21⋯bm1b12b22⋯bm2⋯⋯⋯⋯b1nb2n⋯bmn yk=y1[k]y2[k]⋯ym[k], xk=x1kx2[k]⋯xn[k], ξ=ξ1ξ2⋯ξm Later denoting: C∶=AB]=[cij]mx(m+n) (6) and zk∶=y[k]x[k], the system of equations (4) is shown in reduced form yk+1=Czk+ξ (7) By identifying the system of equation (4) we get to understand a problem of selecting coefficients using the values determined by real property

Introduction Tire durability tests are typically run at constant speeds and incorporate the three main factors that facilitate tire damage: heat, under-inflation, and over-load.
This trend is an inherent property of the geometry of the test stand and thus cannot be directly correlated to the state of the tire.
Although rolling does affect a tire's dynamics, neither the effects of rolling on the entire frequency spectrum nor the influence of these effects on tires of this specific construction are easily understood [3,7-9].
Adams: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, accepted for publication.

These latter Evib and ks parameters signaled an important evolution towards the measurement of more mechanistic soil properties, e.g., soil stiffness and modulus [6].
It has instrumentation systems and the algorithms to estimate soil properties via continuous drum vibration monitoring.
With improved understanding of roller/soil interaction, it has enabled the extraction of more relevant soil properties [6].
The two softwares are mainly selected as the configuration of the best mechanical equipments of construction [14]
(2) Disadvantages [11]: ① Difficultly achieving consistency of influencing factors between calibration and construction leads to hardly reflect the effect of compaction accurately during the actual construction. ② Difficultly maintaining a constant speed can affect the result during the actual construction. ③ Requiring more complex equipment in harsh environments . ④ Training operator is required. ⑤ Its price is higher than ordinary rollers.