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Online since: September 2022
Authors: Palsan Sannasi Abdullah, Nor Asfaliza Abdullah, Huda Awang, Ho Yoon Ling, Irene Tan Jia Lin, Siti Nuurul Huda Mohammad Azmin, Fatima Boukhlifi
The crystallinity features of the iron deposits had been characterized by X-ray diffraction (data reported elsewhere), and were found to be composed mainly of γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), and FeO (wuestite).
Data captured through eZAF Smart Quant (kV: 15-20, Mag: 1000-3300, Take off: 37.8-40.7, Live time (s): 30, Amp time (µs): 1.92, Resolution: (eV): 128.9 Turbidity reduction study.
Modelling turbidity reduction by MBAC and CAC.
Majority of the points are concentrated along the central portion of the data, and these observations verify that the residuals are normal.
An empirical mathematical model had been generated through the method of steepest ascent and multiple regression analysis of experimental data (Table 3).
Data captured through eZAF Smart Quant (kV: 15-20, Mag: 1000-3300, Take off: 37.8-40.7, Live time (s): 30, Amp time (µs): 1.92, Resolution: (eV): 128.9 Turbidity reduction study.
Modelling turbidity reduction by MBAC and CAC.
Majority of the points are concentrated along the central portion of the data, and these observations verify that the residuals are normal.
An empirical mathematical model had been generated through the method of steepest ascent and multiple regression analysis of experimental data (Table 3).
Online since: February 2015
Authors: Radek Zboril, Pavlína Andrýsková, Karolína Machalová Šišková, Ariana Fargašová
The Ag nanoparticles are usually prepared by chemical reduction of silver salts in the aqueous solution.
Most often may be reduction moderated by e.g. sodium borohydride, sodium citrate or glucose.
The first Aghb is a colloid which is prepared by reduction with sodium borohydride.
Second AgCit was obtained by reduction of silver salts using sodium citrate.
The other characteristic (data do not shown), which describes differences among the colloids, is chemical composition of ions/compounds on the surface of the nanoparticles.
Most often may be reduction moderated by e.g. sodium borohydride, sodium citrate or glucose.
The first Aghb is a colloid which is prepared by reduction with sodium borohydride.
Second AgCit was obtained by reduction of silver salts using sodium citrate.
The other characteristic (data do not shown), which describes differences among the colloids, is chemical composition of ions/compounds on the surface of the nanoparticles.
Hydrothermally Synthesized Magnetically Separable RGO Supported Nanocomposite for Water Purification
Online since: February 2015
Authors: Cheol Sang Kim, Mahesh Kumar Joshi, Hem Raj Pant, Han Joo Kim, Ni Na Liao, Jun Hee Kim, Bishnu Kumar Shrestha, Chan Hee Park
UV-visible spectra showing gradual reduction of 4-NP over different catalyst dose; (a) 0.4 g/L and (d) 1.6 g/L.
The rate of reduction of p-nitrophenol was found to be directly propositional to the dose of the composite.
The peak at 400 nm gradually decreased in the reduction process and finally disappeared at its completion.
Das, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 58 (2013) 3477-3488
Liu, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56 (2010) 138-141
The rate of reduction of p-nitrophenol was found to be directly propositional to the dose of the composite.
The peak at 400 nm gradually decreased in the reduction process and finally disappeared at its completion.
Das, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 58 (2013) 3477-3488
Liu, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56 (2010) 138-141
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Zhi Yong Li, Ji Xiang Sun, Chun Du, Liang Liang Wang
Hyperspectral data is endowed with characteristics of intrinsic nonlinear structure and high dimension.
The linear dimension reduction methods always depend on a linear projection which maps the input data into the space spaned by the most significant eigenvectors of the covariance matrix.
Let be the test sample set and be the reference data set.
In the RX algorithm, only the data covariance matrix is required without any additional posteriori information.
Experimental data in this section is an OMIS image with 124 bands.
The linear dimension reduction methods always depend on a linear projection which maps the input data into the space spaned by the most significant eigenvectors of the covariance matrix.
Let be the test sample set and be the reference data set.
In the RX algorithm, only the data covariance matrix is required without any additional posteriori information.
Experimental data in this section is an OMIS image with 124 bands.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Mei Song, Zong Yuan Lin, Yan Qing Zuo, Tao Chen
China has made carbon reduction commitments in the Copenhagen Climate Conference, which is that by 2020, China's carbon intensity is 40-45% lower than 2005.
Basic data.
Using the total energy consumption amount data of the third industries in China's in 2004-2011 as the basic data of the forecast, the data are from the 《China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2009-2012》.
Table 3 shows the CO2 emission and carbon intensity prediction in 2015 and 2020 and analysis reveals that China's current energy consumption structure cannot achieve the 2020 carbon reduction target.
Therefore, we should optimize China's energy structure from two aspects of energy saving and emission reduction.
Basic data.
Using the total energy consumption amount data of the third industries in China's in 2004-2011 as the basic data of the forecast, the data are from the 《China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2009-2012》.
Table 3 shows the CO2 emission and carbon intensity prediction in 2015 and 2020 and analysis reveals that China's current energy consumption structure cannot achieve the 2020 carbon reduction target.
Therefore, we should optimize China's energy structure from two aspects of energy saving and emission reduction.
Online since: August 2017
Authors: Devin Sapsford, Mark Roberts, Andrew Weightman, Gordon Webster
Data shows an increase in both zinc and copper leachability after bioreduction, with maximum six fold and eleven fold increase (compared to pre-treatment) in the amount of zinc and copper leached respectively.
Ferrous iron concentrations within the column effluents were considered as indicative of iron reduction.
Comparison between the ferrous iron release from columns fed with glycerol and the negligible ferrous iron release from columns not fed with glycerol (organic starved) and autoclaved controls confirmed the increase in ferrous iron was the result of microbial action (data not shown).
Desulfosporosinus species; data not shown).
Esther, Effect of dissimilatory Fe(III) reducers on bio-reduction and nickel-cobalt recovery from Sukinda chromite-overburden.
Ferrous iron concentrations within the column effluents were considered as indicative of iron reduction.
Comparison between the ferrous iron release from columns fed with glycerol and the negligible ferrous iron release from columns not fed with glycerol (organic starved) and autoclaved controls confirmed the increase in ferrous iron was the result of microbial action (data not shown).
Desulfosporosinus species; data not shown).
Esther, Effect of dissimilatory Fe(III) reducers on bio-reduction and nickel-cobalt recovery from Sukinda chromite-overburden.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Da Wei Wu, Gang Tong, Xiao Fei Ding
The BP neural network is trained with the data base to realize the intelligent diagnosis.
Table 1 Natural frequencies comparison order 1 2 3 4 5 natural frequency known data 9.1929 36.703 82.346 126.72 145.89 analysis data 1.022 30.380 39.014 96.781 153.210 After the comparative analysis, it seems that the appearance of crack in structure causes the change of local stiffness.
The crack affects the integral dynamic properties leading to the reduction of the natural frequencies [5].
Export analysis file, modify the damage position and depth, after many times operation, export 28 groups of data and obtain five natural frequencies database corresponding to different positions and depths crack.
Twenty groups of data are training samples, and another eight groups are testing samples to verify the network diagnosis ability.
Table 1 Natural frequencies comparison order 1 2 3 4 5 natural frequency known data 9.1929 36.703 82.346 126.72 145.89 analysis data 1.022 30.380 39.014 96.781 153.210 After the comparative analysis, it seems that the appearance of crack in structure causes the change of local stiffness.
The crack affects the integral dynamic properties leading to the reduction of the natural frequencies [5].
Export analysis file, modify the damage position and depth, after many times operation, export 28 groups of data and obtain five natural frequencies database corresponding to different positions and depths crack.
Twenty groups of data are training samples, and another eight groups are testing samples to verify the network diagnosis ability.
Online since: October 2006
Authors: G. Skibinski, D. Braun, D. Kirschnik, R. Lukaszewski
Physical Size Reduction: Silicon Si PiN vs.
IGBT steady-state loss (PSS) uses VCE- IC curve fit data.
IF curve fit data.
(Left) Near Field Radiated EMI 10 db uV / Div 3 MHz / Div -10 db (3.1:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 150 kHz to 30 MHz 150 kHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -10 db(3.1:1) -10 db (3.1:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 150 kHz to 30 MHz 150 kHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -10 db(3.1:1) 150 kHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -10 db(3.1:1) 3 MHz ~ 108 ns 3 MHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -8 db(2.5:1) 3 MHz ~ 108 ns 3 MHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -8 db(2.5:1) 3 MHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -8 db(2.5:1) 10 MHz ~ 32ns - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with -10 db (3.2:1) reduction with KE3 - SiC at 22 - 24 MHz 10 MHz ~ 32ns - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3
-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with -10 db (3.2:1) reduction with KE3 - SiC at 22 - 24 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18-22 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18 -22 MHz with at - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1 ) KE3 /SiC at 9 -12 MHz reduction with - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18-22 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18 -22 MHz with at - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18-22 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18 -22 MHz with at - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1 ) KE3 /SiC at 9 -12 MHz reduction with - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1 ) KE3 /SiC at 9 -12 MHz reduction with
IGBT steady-state loss (PSS) uses VCE- IC curve fit data.
IF curve fit data.
(Left) Near Field Radiated EMI 10 db uV / Div 3 MHz / Div -10 db (3.1:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 150 kHz to 30 MHz 150 kHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -10 db(3.1:1) -10 db (3.1:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 150 kHz to 30 MHz 150 kHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -10 db(3.1:1) 150 kHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -10 db(3.1:1) 3 MHz ~ 108 ns 3 MHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -8 db(2.5:1) 3 MHz ~ 108 ns 3 MHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -8 db(2.5:1) 3 MHz to 30 MHz reduction with KE3 -SiC -8 db(2.5:1) 10 MHz ~ 32ns - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with -10 db (3.2:1) reduction with KE3 - SiC at 22 - 24 MHz 10 MHz ~ 32ns - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1) KE3
-SiC at 9-12 MHz reduction with -10 db (3.2:1) reduction with KE3 - SiC at 22 - 24 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18-22 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18 -22 MHz with at - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1 ) KE3 /SiC at 9 -12 MHz reduction with - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18-22 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18 -22 MHz with at - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18-22 MHz - 6 db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 18 -22 MHz with at - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1 ) KE3 /SiC at 9 -12 MHz reduction with - 6db (2:1) reduction KE3 / SiC 9-12 MHz - 6 db (2:1 ) KE3 /SiC at 9 -12 MHz reduction with
Online since: November 2015
Authors: René A. Silva, Jeong Hyun Park, Jeong Sik Hong, Hee Jae Kim, Jay Hyun Park, Hyun Jung Kim
Thus, important reductions of the process efficiencies could be generated.
The oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and pH were measured every 24 hours.
The results obtained were similar for all the parameters analyzed (i.e. pH, ORP, total concentration of Fe, Fe2+, and Fe3+) and no difference was observed while increasing the NOM concentration (Data not shown).
In contrast, no differences were obtained in the concentration of Fe2+ ion, pH and ORP trends while varying the suspended NOM concentrations, which were in accordance to the trends observed in the attached NOM experiments (Data not shown).
The ORP trend increased to 610 mV in the first 60 h of experiment, which remained almost constant until the end of the experiment (Data not shown).
The oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and pH were measured every 24 hours.
The results obtained were similar for all the parameters analyzed (i.e. pH, ORP, total concentration of Fe, Fe2+, and Fe3+) and no difference was observed while increasing the NOM concentration (Data not shown).
In contrast, no differences were obtained in the concentration of Fe2+ ion, pH and ORP trends while varying the suspended NOM concentrations, which were in accordance to the trends observed in the attached NOM experiments (Data not shown).
The ORP trend increased to 610 mV in the first 60 h of experiment, which remained almost constant until the end of the experiment (Data not shown).
Online since: December 2013
Authors: You Hong Xiao, Xin Na Tian, Wei Zheng, Yu Shan Jin
Based on Eley-rideal mechanism,four major chemical reactions including the adsorption of ammonia, desorption of ammonia, selective catalytic reduction and oxidation of adsorbed ammonia are selected to study the SCR control strategy.
Combinedwith the equations of chemical reaction process,a mathematical model of SCR catalytic converteris established.To achieve a high NOX reduction efficiencyof SCR system, thereasonable and efficacious control strategies for the micro-element models of SCR catalytic is simulated,which including the feedback control strategy based on the feed-forward controller and the PID control strategy.
The problem how to constitute a reasonable control strategyis the main challenge of the SCR system, which is to achieve high NOX reduction which is over 80% and low ammonia slip that is less than 25ppm.
Table-1Simulation Data and Results The ratio of ammonia and nitrogen NOX,in=1000ppm NOX,in=1500ppm NOX,in=2000ppm Conversion rate (%) Conversion rate (%) Conversion rate (%) 0.45 82.97 84.85 85.29 0.75 83.07 84.45 85.39 1.05 83.01 84.65 85.39 The feedback and feed-forwardcontrol strategy.The ratio of CNOx,IIand CNH3,IIwasset to a fixed value as the feed-forward controller.
Table-2 Simulation Data and Results Amplification factor Nitrogen Oxide emissions 1000ppm NOx,out NH3,out mol/s ppm mol/s ppm 10 1.03e-3 203.43 1.01e-4 10.73 100 9.92e-4 195.92 1.07e-4 11.37 1000 7.42e-4 146.55 1.62e-4 17.21 Compared to the traditional SCR control strategy, this model can improve the control performance of SCR system with the dramatic changes of conditions in a certain extent.
Combinedwith the equations of chemical reaction process,a mathematical model of SCR catalytic converteris established.To achieve a high NOX reduction efficiencyof SCR system, thereasonable and efficacious control strategies for the micro-element models of SCR catalytic is simulated,which including the feedback control strategy based on the feed-forward controller and the PID control strategy.
The problem how to constitute a reasonable control strategyis the main challenge of the SCR system, which is to achieve high NOX reduction which is over 80% and low ammonia slip that is less than 25ppm.
Table-1Simulation Data and Results The ratio of ammonia and nitrogen NOX,in=1000ppm NOX,in=1500ppm NOX,in=2000ppm Conversion rate (%) Conversion rate (%) Conversion rate (%) 0.45 82.97 84.85 85.29 0.75 83.07 84.45 85.39 1.05 83.01 84.65 85.39 The feedback and feed-forwardcontrol strategy.The ratio of CNOx,IIand CNH3,IIwasset to a fixed value as the feed-forward controller.
Table-2 Simulation Data and Results Amplification factor Nitrogen Oxide emissions 1000ppm NOx,out NH3,out mol/s ppm mol/s ppm 10 1.03e-3 203.43 1.01e-4 10.73 100 9.92e-4 195.92 1.07e-4 11.37 1000 7.42e-4 146.55 1.62e-4 17.21 Compared to the traditional SCR control strategy, this model can improve the control performance of SCR system with the dramatic changes of conditions in a certain extent.