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The mechanical, thermal and optical properties of glass have had enormous impact on the evolution of civilization as we know it [3].
The reason is that most thermodynamic properties in electrochemistry are affected by shielding effects in the surrounding of an ion of interest.
Therefore the bulk properties are identical.
The agreement of our results with properties derived from IS appears to justify this procedure.
Doremus, Handbook of Glass Properties, Elsevier Science, 2013

Poor thermo physical properties of conventional heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol and engine oil limit their cooling performance [8].
Yang, Characterization of electrokinetic properties of nanofluids, J.
Singh, Particle shape effects on thermophysical properties of alumina nanofluids, J.
Yang, Thermophysical and electrokinetic properties of nanofluids- A critical review, Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008) 2109-2125
Wu, Thermal and rheological properties of carbon nanotube-in-oil dispersions, Journal of Applied Physics 99 (2006) 114307

Influence of Convex Hull Density on Friction Contact of Bionic Surface Linjing Xiao1,a, Lifu Zhuang1,b 1College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao,Shandong,266510, China axiaolj2008@126.com, byelongzhuang@126.com Keyword: Bionic, Convex hull density, Friction, Contact Abstract.
Those synthetic nano-hair prototypes had similar adhesive properties with the predicted values of natural specimens (around 100nN each) [7].
Based on the surface we designed, four kinds of contact models were built by ANSYS 10.0, the bionic surfaces contacted with up surfaces which were square with 50mm side length and 6mm hight. 4-node SOLID45 element was used in the models, to all the models, the Young modulus was 100000, Poisson's ratio was 0.48 and frictional factor were 0.3.
surface Conclusion In order to study the friction contact influenced by the density of convex hulls, the topography characteristics of locust pads and tree frog pads was observed by 3-D microscope system, experiments indicates that there were micro convex hulls(diameters were 4μm -6μm)on the surface of pads, based on the unsmoothed topography of four kinds of bionic surfaces with different convex hulls density(center distances were 2R,3R,4R and 5R)were designed and these models were built by ANSYS 10.0, the contact problems were solved under the same loads and constraint condition, the results indicate that the surface 3(center distance is 4R)and surface 4(center distance is 5R)exhibit good elastic displacement(the biggest displacements are 2.051mm and 2.145mm), meanwhile, too big or too small density of convex would decrease the contact pressure, the surface 3 exhibits the best contact pressure(5.27932×106 Pa).Based on the datum, we conclude that density of convex hulls obviously affect

Since then nanocomposites have been studied extensively because of their remarkably improved mechanical properties.
These effective volumes are expressed as [8,9] 2 )1(2 + = m V VB , (3) BrVFPZ 2 029.3= , (4) where V represents the volume of the bending specimen, B is the thickness of the specimen, and m is a shape factor of Weibull distribution. 0 r r0 2ae 02 r KIC c π σ = 2 2 )( rra ra e efc y + + = σ σ r KIC y π σ 2 expression sIrwin' = cσ yσ fcσ 0 r r0 2ae 02 r KIC c π σ = 2 2 )( rra ra e efc y + + = σ σ r KIC y π σ 2 expression sIrwin' = cσ yσ fcσ Fig. 1 Stress distribution ahead of a crack tip under small-scale yielding condition, where r0 represents critical frontal process zone size, σc is critical local stress, KIC is fracture toughness, and σfc is critical remote stress.
The modified relation between the averaged data for the monolithic alumina, as-sintered nanocomposites, and annealed nanocomposites is shown in Fig. 7, where the data for as-sintered nanocomposites sintered at 1550 ºC and the data for annealed nanocomposites annealed for 10 min were omitted because these data were affected by over-annealing conditions.

Role of Mn Alloying Element on the Oxide Growth Behavior of 800H Nickel-Based Alloy at 900°C Noraziana PARIMIN1,a* and Esah HAMZAH2,b 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
On the other hand, Mn, Si and Al were added during manufacturing process to reduce the oxygen and/or sulfur content of the molten alloy, which may affect the oxidation resistance of the alloy.
The formation of protective oxide scale depends on the several factor such as alloy composition, temperature, exposure time, environment and oxidizing condition such as isothermal and cyclic oxidation.
This finding indicates the formation of protective oxide was established at 100 cycles which give preventive properties to the alloy.

It is worth noting that by developing technologies for processing electronic scrap, it is necessary to pay attention to the separation of toxic and hazardous components, as well as minimize the loss of precious metals, which can adversely affect the economic performance of the process.
Underground disposal, burning in the air and acid leaching negatively affect the environment, polluting drinking water and the atmosphere.
Theoretical Basis The task of waste preparing for the purpose of homogenization and separation of several fractions, homogeneous in composition and properties, suitable and useful for subsequent metallurgical processing, is highly relevant [9].
The main negative factor of the roasting process, in the preparation of raw materials for obtaining concentrates of precious and non-ferrous metals, is a very strong, harsh, unpleasant odor releasing from both the roasted product and from the equipment.
Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: A review.

Furthermore, the surface topography and lubricant amounts affect the tribological system in forming processes.
Other important factors influencing the friction conditions are the surface topography and the amount of lubricant [6, 7].
It should be noted that the fluorescence properties of lubricants are different for each material-lubricant combination.
Gish, On the Mechanism behind the Punch-Blank Surface Confirmation in Stretch-Forming and Deep Drawing, in: Journal of Mechanical Working Technology (1981), 181-210 [14] S.
Ludwig, On the correlation between crytallographic grain size and surface evolution in metal forming processes, in: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 52 (2010), 523-530 [21] I.

Centrifuge model setup Tab.1 Physical and mechanical parameters of model Parameter Com Mod Ten Str Ela Mod Un-Com Str Max Dry Den Max Dia Materials type E1-2 σ t E σ c ρ dry D (MPa) (kN/m) (MPa) (MPa) (kN/m3) (mm) Soils Silt 2.28 Clay 4.30 Sand 6.25 Geo- grille Gauge 1.60 Pile Concrete 1417 8.4 Emb Granite 19 Cushion Sand 1.5 The model pile is 20 cm long with the lower 2 cm pile length to be inserted into the sand lying layer.
The failure models of high strength composite foundation are affected by multi-factors, as embankment stiffness, piles and soils strength, and pile spaces etc.
Slope shear failure Because of the shape of embankment slope and mechanical characters of railroad, there are larger shear stresses in the embankment, especially at the slope toe.
Composite foundation failure types Considering the variation in soil properties in various piles spacing studies, the experimental failure types observed in the present study are reasonably consistent with those obtained from the early studies.

There are several factors of development of biomedical applications, such as increasing the in vivo lifetime of drugs and macromolecules, high specific surface area, pore size and multimodal applications beyond the scope of individual molecules, and new therapies or diagnostics [4].
A good mesoporous material is characterized by high pore surface area, pore diameter, and pore surface volume as well as good mechanical and chemical stability, pressure, and thermal properties.
All organics component had losses by the combustion processes and had affected on decrease in the wavelength of the hydroxyl group (-OH).
Hydrothermal temperatures have induced the transformation of property of silica hydrophilic groups to hydrophobic, which is a movement of the head chain toward the hydrophobic nucleus of the micelle which will result swelling of the micelles which would then enlarge the pore size [16].
Gupta, “Review Processing, properties and applications of reactive silica from rice husk—an overview,” J.

Wang and Engell [46] determined thermodynamic properties of the β-NiAl phase in the temperature range 961-1278 K and a compositional range 32.2 to 58.7 at. % of Al by electromotive force method.
The position of the marker plane at such interface does not necessary result in conclusions about the diffusion properties of both phases.
Cohen, The defect structure and Debye-Waller factors vs. composition in β Ni1±xAl1±x, Scripa Metall. 11 (1971) 147-150
Engell, Investigation of the thermodynamic properties of Ni-Al intermetallic compounds by an EMF method, Steel Research 63 (1992) 320–323
Hilpert, Thermodynamic properties and diffusion factor in B2-NiAl, Metall.