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Chemical precipitation technique has many advantages such as mild reaction conditions, less energy consumption, simple equipment and there are large numbers of variable factors in the preparation process which can be used.
The crystallite size of copper is calculated using Scherrer’s equation where, D is the grain size, K is a constant taken to be 0.94, λ is the wavelength of the x-ray radiation, β is the full width at half maximum and θ is the angle of diffraction.

For each test series there is a settled number of four probes.
Above all the SLM process, the chosen geometry of the to be printed object, the grain size and as a result of process failures cause those issues.

In the first place, the chains of lignosulfonate adsorbed at the surface of BFS grains hinder the dissolution of slag which is similar effect observed in the case of OPC binders [9,10].
Secondly, the number of charged sites in the backbone of lignosulphonate chain could play an important role.

Because of a number of desirable physical and chemical properties exhibited compared with traditional molecule sieve materials such as high surface area and pore volume, high thermal stability and ease of surface modifications, mesoporous materials afford many potential application of chromatography, cosmetics, catalyst, and adsorption, and is expected to play a tremendous role in material science in the future [3].
For PEG-6000, it might be joined with CTAB in some way and worked as dispersing agent to suppress growth of grains.

In addition, water or other fluids may affect the wear rate of a material by a number of mechanisms, primarily (although not exclusively) as agents of corrosion and/or lubrication [5].
This would be rational if one notices that, aside from the factors such as hardness, toughness, carbide grain size, phase distribution, binder phase content, and microstructure, the testing conditions including the counterpart material could also have prominent effects on the friction and wear behavior of the WC-Co coating [3,6,8].

Table 2 Microhardness of electroless Ni-P deposit Hardness (HV) Ponit number 1 2 3 4 5 Average value Without heat treatment 699.1 774.8 707.7 691.1 739.3 722.4 With heat treatment at 400 o C 968.8 1002.7 985.4 958.2 978.6 978.7 3.3 Immersion tests The corrosion rate of W-Cu substrate and Ni-P deposit in different corrosion mediums are shown in Fig.3.
The SEM result shows that the Ni-P alloy deposit has a fine-grained structure with a uniform distribution.

It has been reported by a number of researchers that heat treatment could benefit modifying WC-Co deposits.
Comparison of the as sprayed and heat treated microstructure by SEM and TEM shows that after heat treatment some new phases are produced in the amorphous area, and WC grains are partly dissolved and mixed with cobalt matrix and produce new crystalline and dendritic phases[2, 5].

Introduction It is noted from these previous investigations [1-3] that the magnesium can modify the size and distribution of inclusion in steel, and grain of inclusion in tiny and uniform.
Fraction of inclusions with different size /% Average diameter Total Number 0~5µm 5~10µm 10~15µm >15µm <3µm Blank experiment No 1 87.90 11.29 0.81 0 64.52 3.091 124 No 3 89.90 9.18 1.02 0 63.27 2.991 98 Alloy 1 No 1 94.10 2.58 2.58 0.74 90.77 1.795 271 No 3 96.98 2.26 0.75 0 92.08 1.401 265 Alloy 2 No 1 74.84 16.67 5.97 2.52 61.01 3.700 318 No 3 98.67 1.32 0 0 95.15 1.212 227 Alloy 3 No 1 89.36 8.51 1.60 0.53 79.26 2.263 188 No 3 99.46 0.54 0 0 96.23 1.103 371 Pattern and composition analysis of inclusions- Fig. 4 show the pattern and composition of typical inclusions after Al-killed for 30 minutes, and the pattern and composition of typical inclusions after Al-Mg alloy added into the molten steel for 30 minutes is shown as Fig. 5.

The experimental density (ρexp) of the HEA was measured using the Archimedes method (densimeter) whereas the theoretical density (ρtheo) was calculated using a rule of mixtures as given by Eq 1 ρtheo=i=1nCiAii=1nCiAi/ρi (1) where n, Ci, Ai and ρi are the number of constituent elements, weight fraction of the individual elements, the atomic weight of the individual elements, and the density of constituent element respectively.
The Mg-Al-Zn phase has many diffraction peaks, this means it presents different grain orientations.

Over last years, nanosized grain materials have gain increasing interests arising partially from the absence of extended defects in these particles.
PZO is a linear Zr-O-Zr chain coordination polymer, with a molecular weight of 1000-2000, and the coordination number of Zr is 8 (15). 1HNMR (CD3OD, 400MHz and d ppm): 3.6 (w, 2H, -CH2-, keto form), 3.1(s, 1H, =CH-), 2.1(m, 3H, CH3CO keto form), 1.3(s, 3H, CH3CO enol form); FTIR (n, cm-1): 3415, 1590, 1530, 1483, 1368, 1280, 1027, 932, 652, 543 and 428. 1.2 Synthesis of preceramic polymer - PZS PZS was prepared by the reaction of polyzirconoxane (PZO) and salicyl alcohol.