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The small size of these particles endows them with unusual structural, electronic, optical, magnetic and chemical properties, leading to many important applications such as catalyst, electro-optical devices and precursor phases to advanced ceramics [1-3].
The distribution of supersaturation in a reaction system is the other important factor in the dependence of particle size distribution on it [5].
In addition, the development of novel materials requires smaller sized particles and additive powders with good dispersing properties in water in order to form a stable suspension [8].
Direct precipitation (DP) procedure: 200 ml 0.25M BaCl2 was added to 200 ml 0.25 M Na2SO4 solution without any dispersant at strong mechanical agitation in a stirred tank reactor.
The uncomplexed EDTA was also able to affect the morphology by directly adsorbing onto the barium sulfate surface [23].

Introduction Numerous investigations have been made by the researchers to understand the thermal and rheological properties of nanofluid.
Table 1: Mono and hybrid nanofluid thermophysical properties [16].
Properties Water (f) Al2O3 (s1) Cu (s2) k W/mK 0.6071 40 400 ρ kg/m3 997.0 3970 8933 σ s/m 5.5 × 10-6 35 × 106 59.6 × 106 Cp J/kgK 4180 765 385 The mono and hybrid nanofluids thermophysical properties are shown in Table 1, while the nanoparticles and fluid thermophysical properties are shown in Table 2.
The properties of thermophysical of alumina and copper nanoparticles with base fluid are taken from the previous literature.
Chandrasekar, Synthesis of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluids using two step method and its thermo physical properties.

A quantitative analysis demonstrates that the observed effect may be understood by coupling of elastic stress and vacancy currents, which in turn affects the transport of the atomic species.
To demonstrate effects that may change the diffusion coefficient only by a factor 2 to 3, very accurate measurements are required, which rely on a direct comparison between two arrangements.
Based on a vacancy mechanism and neglecting complicating aspects like thermodynamic factors or electron wind, we may formulate for the transport currents of both atomic species x c D x c Dj x c D x c Dj V V B B B B B V V A A A A A d d d d d d d d ν ν ν ν +−= +−= , (10) which leads in analogy to the Darken equations to the interdiffusion current of B atoms Fig. 6: Hydrostatic stress and strain aspect versus interfacial curvature (a) (calculated for a reaction layer thickness of 5 nm) and (b) versus thickness of reaction product (calculated for a curvature of 1/35 nm).
The direction of the stress difference is indeed compatible to the direction of the observed asymmetry and the expected kinetic properties of the forming intermetallic.
This way, the stress becomes limited to an almost constant value that is controlled by yield strength or creeping properties of the sample materials.

Zhang b School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Northeastern University, 110004, P.R.China a neusucq@163.com, bymzhangneu@sohu.com Keywords: reliability analysis; random responses; sensitivity analysis; cracked rotor system; rubbing Abstract.
Sensitivity analysis can help the designer to know which problem in rotor system with rubbing is being solved and how the solution may affect the design of rotor system for system correction and reanalysis.
The radial displacements of disk are denoted by x2, y2.So the governing equations can be written as              − +=+ −−− +−      −+ +=+ −+− +−      −+ −=+ −−− +−      −+ =+ −+− +−      −+ gmtemPyctyytxxkFyyFkym temPxctyytxxkFxxFkxm gmfPyctyytxxk F yyFkym fPxctyytxxk F xxFkxm y x yr xr 2 2 2 22 12 12 12 22 2 2 22 12 12 12 22 1 011 21 21 21 11 011 21 21 21 11 2 2 2 12 2 2 2 12 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 )sin( ]cos)(sin))[(()()( )cos( ]sin)(cos))[(()()( ]cos)(sin)[( )( )()( ]sin)(cos)[( )( )()( ωω ψε ψ εα ωω ψε ψ εα δ ψε ψ εα δ ψε ψ εα & && & && & && & && (1) Where, δ0 is the Sommerfeld correction factor, 2 2 0 2             = b b R L c R P RLµω δ ;µ is the lubricating oil viscosity; Pr is the half weight of rotor; L is the length of bearing; Rb is the radius of bearing;
Random Response Analysis If vector A(p×l) is a function of a matrix B(s×t), then the second order Taylor expansion of A about a nominal value B of B is given [ ] [ ] })({ )( )( )( )()( ][2 2 2 d 2 1 d B B A B B A BABA cs cs cs cs BBT BBT = = ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ += (6) Where, the probabilistic effects are described through the random parameter matrix B=(bij)s×t of order s×t, this can include the probabilistic distributions of all discredited random variable properties. cs(B) is the column string of matrix B. d[cs(B)][2]= d[cs(B)]⊗ d[cs(B)] is the second order Kronecker power of d[cs(B)].

The main disadvantage of 3D printing is that the mechanical movement speed of nozzle is limited, so the processing efficiency is not so high, and the applicable scope is restricted.
Granular protuberances on the wire surface will affect its material quality uniformity, resulting in wire feeding difficulties, and blocking.
Viscosity directly affects the peel strength between molding layers, thus affects the quality of molding.
However, the adhesiveness, fluidity and gravity of material, as the secondary factor, have little effect on the extrusion quality under the action of enough extruding force outside.
Impact Response of Bamboo-Plastic Composites with the Properties of Bamboo and Polyvinylchloride (PVC)[J].

Chao and Geskin [46] reported that cutting head vibration affected the formation and pattern of surface striations.
This phenomenon was further explained as a result of the effect of internal and external factors by Chen et al. [47].
Table 1 Main physical and mechanical properties of an 87% alumina ceramic Hardness, Knoop 1000g (MPa) 10400 Modulus of elasticity (MPa) 276000 Compressive strength (MPa) 2480 Flow stress (MPa) 20800 Flexural strength (MPa) 336 Fracture toughness (MPa-m1/2) 3.5 Tensile strength (MPa) 221 Average crystal size (m) 1.6 Single Pass Cutting with Nozzle Oscillation Experiment.
Engrs., Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 220 (2006), pp. 703-714
Wang: Effect of Liquid Properties on the Stability of an Abrasive Waterjet, Int.

Besides the recombination, many other factors such as incident light intensity, fraction of the incident light absorbed by the photo catalyst, the type of the catalyst, its particle size, specific surface area, structural and photo-physical properties etc. are known to influence the kinetics of CO2 photo reduction. 3.2.
The critical factors are the choice of the pair for co-doping, level of doping and effective method of introducing dopants.
To what extent these factor affect the CO2 photo reduction is not clear.
Wavelength of the radiation is an additional factor that affects the product pattern.
Prato, “Excited-State properties of C60 Fullerene derivatives”, Acc.

A three-dimensional finite element-based model of drilling is presented which includes fully adaptive unstructured meshing, tight thermo-mechanical coupling, deformable tool-chip-workpiece contact, interfacial heat transfer across the tool-chip boundary, and constitutive models appropriate for high strain-rate, large strain and high temperature deformation.
In order to model chip formation, constitutive modeling for metal cutting requires determination of material properties at high strain rates, large strains, and short heating times, and is quintessential for prediction of segmented chips due to shear-localization (Sandstrom and Hodowany 1998 [10]; Childs, 1998 [11]).
This gives , (18) where n is the hardening exponent, T is the current temperature, and is the initial yield stress at the reference temperature T0. is the reference plastic strain, and is a thermal softening factor ranging from 1 at room temperature to 0 at melt, and having the appropriate variation in between.
Mesh refinement is affected by element subdivision along the edges of tetrahedron, creating two smaller tetrahedra.

The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition.
These typical projects are constructed in most of the regions with a same geometry and properties [12].
There is not any mechanical ventilation in the real projects, so the ventilation is assumed to be done through windows of classrooms during the break times.
The primary energy conversion factors for the fuel types consumed in Turkey are given as 1.00 for natural gas and 2.36 for electricity [16].
Moreover, for calculation CO2 emission during use stage, the emission factors for natural gas and electricity were taken as 0.234 and 0.626 kg.eq.CO2.kWh-1, respectively [19].

Properties S [m/s1/2] Sorptivity Equation [5, 27] where A is the water absorption coefficient [kg/(m2.s1/2)] and ρw is the water density [kg/m3].
- Precisely know the properties of materials such as sorptivity – S – (transport property of wall material that appears in the model) can be somewhat difficult.
This and other properties have been measured for many building materials, including stone, brick, mortar and plaster.
This phenomenon occurs due the properties of the air admitted to the system.
Torres, V.P. de Freitas, The influence of the thickness of the walls and their properties on the treatment of rising damp in historic buildings, Const.