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The FT-IR spectrum of these materials was done by “Interspec 2020 FTIR spectrometer” spectro lab UK, over the wave number of 4000–400 cm-1.
The XRD patterns elucidate that pure Ag2SO4 has an orthorhombic crystal structure in consistent with the standard data (JCPDS card no. 07-0203).
FT-IR spectra of the various samples in the wave number range 4000-400 cm-1 are shown in Fig. 2.
This type of interaction between these components provides a large number of surfaces and interfaces which strongly modify the macroscopic properties of the composite solid electrolyte.
Naqvi, Investigation on structural, optical and dielectric properties of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by gel-combustion route, Mater.

Nanoceria could be prepared through a number of techniques including precipitation, sol-gel and solvothermal methods.
Zeta potentials depend on a number of factors such as velocity of the moving particle under the influence of electric field as well as the viscosity of the dispersion media.
The pattern produced is of good quality and free from any foreign atom or molecule and was compared with the indexed pattern reported from the standard crystallographic database (JCPDS cards no. 89-8436).
This study could possibly be applied in nanoparticles surface modifications and functionalisations in a number of applications particularly catalysis, biomedical and pharmaceuticals.
El Sayed, “Enhanced Gas Sensing Properties of Spin-coated Na-doped ZnO Nanostructured Films,” Sci.

The presence of a pure SnO2 tetragonal crystal structure (JCPDS Card No: 41-1445) has been confirmed from matching of observed and standard d (inter planer spacing) values.
This result can be explained by the substitution of Co2+ into Sn4+ sites, since the radius of Co ions Co2+ (0.58 Å) was smaller than that of Sn4+ (0.69 Å) at a coordination number (CN) of 6 [13].
The lattice parameters a = 4.74 Å and c = 3.19 Å are in good agreement with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) 41-1445 database.
(6) Where M is the number of oscillations between the two extrema (M =1 between the two consecutive maxima or minima), λ1, n1 and λ2, n2 are the corresponding wavelengths and indices of refraction.
Turki, Study on the doping effect of Sn-doped ZnO thin films, SuperlatticeMicrost, 53 (2013) 213-222 [26] Supriyono, H.

Table 1 Recipe card of the membranes along with their specified codes Membranes CA:Acetone (w/v) PEG (wt.%) ZC (filler) (wt. %) M0 3:35 30 0 M1 2 M2 4 M3 6 M4 8 M5 8 (CuO) As necessary, sonication was performed to prevent agglomeration of nanomaterial in the solution.
This virgin matrix has a homogeneous pore structure with a wide and large number of pores having an average pore density equal to 250,000 pores/m2 on the surface of the micrograph.
Due to the hydroxyl group a large number of peaks appear between 3000-3700 cm-1 [18, 19].
The exhibited diffraction peaks at 2θ =32.53° (110), 35.59° (-111), 38.79° (111), 46.28° (-112),48.76° ( -202), 53.53° (020), 58.35° (202), 61.57° (-113), 66.25° (-311) and 68.15° (220) corresponds to different planes of monoclinic copper oxide nanoparticles and are in good agreement with JCPDS file no. (80-0076) reported in the literature.
Natarajan, Optical, bactericidal and water repellent properties of electrospun nano-composite membranes of cellulose acetate and ZnO, Carbohydrate polymers 87(2) (2012) 1065-1072.

From the XRD pattern of annealed sample the peaks can be easily assigned to (110), (200), (211) plane reflections of the body centered cubic (bcc) Fe-Co alloy of JCPDS card number 03-065-4131.
Wave number [cm-1] FT-IR bond vibrations 3428 O-H stretching 2920 -CH2- asymmetric stretching 2850 -CH2- symmetric stretching 1480 -CH2- deformation 1385 -CH3 deformation 965 C-N+ stretching 727 rocking mode of methylene chain Fig. 3.
[23] Y.D Wang et al., Synthesis and room temperature photoluminescence of ZnO/CTAB ordered layered nanocomposites with flake like architecture.

Failure to treat diabetes effectively, will largely result into a number of other health complications, such as eye problems (blindness), neuropathy, foot complications, kidney disease, heart diseases, hypertension, stroke, hyperglycemic nonketonic syndrome, gastroparesis, heart disease, and mental health disorders; death and disability in the entire globe, it may also affect pregnancy [1, 2].
The data obtained was matched with JCPDS card no. (65-2871) and the sharpness of the peak clearly reveals the crystalline nature of the particles.
XRD patterns (JCPDS, File No. 04–0783) and the structure of synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to be face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal as reported by [39].
Jiang, Electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on ZnO nanorods for improved performance of enzymatic glucose sensors.

.%), ZnO (7.6 wt.%), and MnCO3 (2.74 wt.%).
Using the lattice parameter of 8.384 Å in FeO·Fe2O3 (No. 28-664 according to the JCPDS card index) and in lithium spinel 8.367 Å, we obtain the equation: 8.384×С* + 8.367×(1-С) = 8.372, where C is the amount of formed Fe2+ ions.
To ensure a change in the valence of such a number of iron cations, ~ 5 % of oxygen atoms must evaporate.

According to previously published literature, the diffraction peaks from the data at the same 2Ɵ values coincide well with the standard data of the joint committee on powder diffraction standard (JCPDS), Card No: 00-006-0464 [12, 39, 40].
Acknowledgment This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2024R763) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Malakdar, “Fabrication and Properties of Hydrophobically Modified ZnO–SiO2 Nanocomposite with Polysiloxane,” Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, vol. 33 (2023), pp. 1191-1200

Results and Discusion XRD analysis of nanoparticles On the diffractogram registered for the sample with nanoparticles of TiO2 (Fig.3), diffraction lines derived from the crystalline planes, characteristic of a rutile tetragonal structure with the space group P 42/m n m (98-008-2083 card) and the nanocrystal anatas with the space group I 41/a m d (98-015-4604 card), were confirmed.
For nanoparticles of Bi2O3, the diffraction lines indicating the tetragonal structure of β-Bi2O3, with the space group P-4 21 c (98-005-2732 card), were obtained.
The angular position of the diffraction line was, according to data contained in the ICDD JCPDS database, the amorphous structure of SiO2 (Fig. 5).
Using particles of a smaller diameter results in an increased number of defects in the structure of the obtained nanofibres.
Synthesis of heterostructured Bi 2 O 3–CeO 2–ZnO photocatalyst with enhanced sunlight photocatalytic activity.

The results are consistent with the standard values for α-Fe2O3 (JCPDS card No. 89-8104).
The XRD pattern of the Fe3O4 nanocrystals are in good agreement with the standard values for magnetite (JCPDS card No. 88-315) with crystal parameters: cubic structure, space group: Fd-3m, a = 8.375.
sample number sodium oleate (g) oleic acid (mL) ethanol (mL) a 1.92 20 40 b 1.92 17 43 c 1.68 20 40 Fig. 13.
Ganguli, Zinc oxalate nanorods: A convenient precursor to uniform nanoparticles of ZnO, Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 1236-1240
Ahmad, Synthesis, optical and magnetic properties of Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles, J.