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After reaction for 6h, a large number of eight-dendritic structures occupied the majority, and the two dendrites of the same edge converged in the middle in some crystals.
The separation of the emitting peaks in Fig. 5 may be attributed to the existence of the crystal imperfections, such as point defects, dislocations, and grain boundaries in the sample of the cuboidal microcrystals.

For the multilayer and island structure material, the layer thickness and grain size is extraordinary small.
(1) In the formula, Vk is the excitation energy, A is atomic weight, is density, and Z is atomic number, the depth Zm and the resolution engendered by different signals are showed [3] in Fig.1.

There are number of issues in micro-scale machining that are fundamentally different from macro-scale machining [2].
Interior sliding of the work hardened machined surface over the tool flank has resulted in a textured surface with elongated grains.

The IBSD system mainly consists of a cylindrical vacuum chamber (sputtering chamber), a number of ports that are distributed around the cylindrical surface of chamber, magnetron cathodes, substrate holder and ions guns.
Low Al content (≤0.4) results in rich-Al fcc-TiAlN structure, higher Al content (>0.4) promotes multiphase structures with refined equiaxed grain growth by the limited solubility of Al in TiN and Ti in AlN [9].

And the application of AWJ is based on the hypothesis such as time mean and special grain shape, and is limited in studying the rule of gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow.
Res is the Reynolds number, v r, s is the terminal velocity correlation for the solid phase.

NA and NB are numbers of atomic planes of A and B in bilayered films, respectively and Xλλλλ is the wavelength of the X-ray.
This result suggests that atoms diffuse along the interface of Fe/Pt and/or the grain boundaries of Fe/Pt thin film.

Mean grain size of the prior austenite was around 80µm in each steel.
Assuming that a large number of mobile dislocations exist in the as-quenched martensite and they move easily during tensile deformation, a considerable plastic strain could be produced even when the stress is under the level of macroscopic yielding point [7].

Smaller andmean that it is easier to nucleate, and the number of the primary particles increases.
Martinez, M.C, Grain refinement of an aluminum alloy by introducing gas bubbles during solidification, Scripta Materialia. 55 (2006) 115-118

Maeshima et al. have studied SME of Ti-Mo containing Ag, Sn and Sc, and found the remarkable grain size refinement by Sc oxide [4, 5].
Although a limited number of peaks were detected due to a strong texture formation similar to TiNbAl [20], TiMoAl was judged to be two phase of bcc β + orthorhombic α" at RT.

In some grain producing regions, statistics shows that the yield of maize was reduced by 11%-13%, wheat by 9%-10%, rice by 8% -14%, soybean by 5.5%-9%, vegetables by 15% -59% when the film residues reached 58.5kg/ha. [7].
It’s probably because there were a growing number of plastic nails formed at the beginning, which enhanced the dry bonding strength.