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Although the literature contains noticeable number of reports on the formation of solid solution between bulk immiscible atoms, several issues related to phase stability and microstructure remain unaddressed.
In the case of bulk, decrease in free energy of a system due to the precipitation of thermodynamically stable phases is significantly larger than the increase in free energy from the formation of inter-phase interfaces/grain boundaries.

The results showed that: (1) Pore sizes and compositions of the coatings changed gradually along the vertical substrate, crystal HA with few calcium phosphates was presented in the heat-treated coatings. (2) Surface of the coating was very rough with nano-sized crystalline grains and micropores; (3) Young's modulus and hardness changed gradually at the range of coating-Ti6Alo4V interface.
A large number of tiny pores with the different pore size existed in the top layer.

This alloy has the Unified Numbering System (UNS) of C70600.
It was found that pits and crevice corrosion can be observed by the addition of iron due to the segregation of nickel-iron- rich precipitates at grain boundaries.
Looking for elements to replace iron, because iron segregates in the grain boundaries and comes out of the solid solution at high working temperatures, heat treatments or during the welding process as shown in Fig. 3.
The intergranular corrosion of a Cu-Ni-Fe alloy because iron precipitates onto the HAZ grain boundaries during welding or heat treatment [32].

In addition, it can effectively restrain grain growth and maintains a fine-grained structure in the sintered material through the combined influence of plasma activation and rapid temperature rise sintering.
To explain this variation, as the pressure increased, small particles moved and filled the voids between larger particles, leading to an increase in the surface area for contact, facilitating neck formation and accelerating grain growth.
Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) under grant number CT2022.03/CT2022.03.BKA.02.

The influence of the number of laser pulses on the photovoltaic properties of a ZnO thin film was observed [39].
The thin film was applied without a focusing lens, with all other parameters held constant except for the number of laser pulses.
The irradiation time (number of pulses) of the laser source on the nanostructured ZnO film was varied.
The IR intensity of the nanostructured ZnO thin film is overall affected by laser irradiation times (number of pulses).
Tian, Grain Size Control and Gas Sensing Properties of ZnO Gas Sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 66 (2007) 277

The work in [19] explores the relationship between the microstructure of Vicenza Stone and its durability involving laboratory experiments that investigate the impacts of grain size and pore network on the mechanical and physical properties of the stone.
The authors conclude that the presence of a well-connected pore network can significantly affect the stone's durability and that smaller grain sizes may increase its resistance to weathering.
The inhabitant occupancy rate, which is the average number of people per housing unit, is four.
Gisbert Aguilar, An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Grain Size and Pore Network on the Durability of Vicenza Stone, Rock Mech.

Candidate, School of Astronautics, BUAA Beijing (100191), China 2Professor, School of Astronautics, BUAA Beijing (100191), China awael972000@yahoo.com xuxu@buaa.edu.cn Keywords: Ammonium perchlorate; Particle size; Specific surface area; Thermal decomposition; Thermogravimetry Abstract: Effects of various grain sizes (10~390 µm) under heating rate of 40 ºC/min on ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition characteristic parameters, the decomposition thermal behavior and kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor), were investigated by simultaneous DSC/TGA in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere.
Actually, huge numbers of studies have been carried out on the AP decomposition kinetic parameters determination.

Subsurface crack initiation is dominant at low stress amplitudes and high numbers of cycles, whereas surface fatigue crack initiation occurs at high stress amplitudes and low cycles.
Another S-N curve appears at high number of cycles and was governed by an internal crack initiation and growth as indicated by the dashed line.
It can be seen from the photographs that many spherical carbide particles are distributed in the matrix which is a tempered martensite structure composing of an average prior- austenitic grain size of 5.7µm.
The other S-N curve appears at a high number of cycles and is governed by internal crack initiation and growth.
Number of cycles to form the GBF area, ∆N, is affected by the difference between ∆Kth,i and ∆K of the inclusion, ∆(∆K), as shown C'-C" or D'-D" in Fig. 8.

However, quite a number of nickel sulfide deposits are associated with basic gangue minerals such as those containing olivine or serpentine.
Chen et al.[4] investigated the effects of inoculum size, initial pH, grain size and leaching period on the bioleaching of a low-grade copper nickel sulfide ore (Ni:0.53%; Mg:7.87%).

They measured the quantum efficiency (the ratio of the number of emitted photons to the number of electrons passing through the contact in a given time) to be about 10-6 for one particular SiC crystal.
In 1955 injection electroluminescence was shown in a number of III-V compounds and mixed crystals with metal point contacts.
For example, Holt, Alfrey and Wiggins [24] in 1958 reported electroluminescence at grain boundaries in GaP which they attributed to the formation of p-n junctions there, these junctions being detected by electron microscopy.
Any electroluminescent device to meet these needs would have to be manufactured in very large numbers.
By the late 1960's a number of manufacturers in different countries were making red and green GaP devices.