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.; 2School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai , China P.R.; acoco_wang@yeah.net,bwang_dz@dlili.edu.cn,chansheng654321@sina.com Keywords: base oil; Biodegradation; Metal cutting fluids; Environmental protection; Abstract: This paper mainly enumerated several kinds of base oil which all have a good biodegradation, such as vegetable oil, synthetic ester, poly-alpha-olefin, polyethylene glycol, introduced their performances, functions, the research status and the application prospect in the cutting fluid and brings forward the direction of the metal cutting fluid's development.
Sharma et.al, use perchloric acid, prompting epoxy ethane open rings and then action with the certain proportion of benzene anhydride to get two ester derivatives soybean oil, greatly improving the thermal oxidation stability [13]; Wang bing et.al through the epoxidation heterogeneous esterification method, and then epoxy group react with other contain active hydrogen material in the presence of acid or alkali ,through the ring opening reaction and then introduce acetic acid to synthetic new isomerism ester, improve the oxidation stability [14]. 2.3 Castor oil Castor oil is different from other vegetable oils, except the unsaturated double bond and carboxyl, castor oil still contain a hydroxyl, it special molecular structure makes it can occur many chemical reaction and get different modified castor oil.
Synthetic ester Synthesis ester molecular structure contains ester base functional groups which are more likely to be "digest" than hydrocarbons, more than 60% biodegraded in 28 days[19].
PAO is consist of a kind of isomerization alkane which has a unique comb structure and does not contain any non hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, cycloparaffin [28], so it has the same good physical properties as synthesis ester.PAO are mostly used in high-grade lube oil due to the high price[29], and not applied in the metal cutting fluid yet, but based on the excellent properties and good degradability, with the improvement of PAO production process as well as the energy conservation and environmental protection requirements increasingly, PAO as environmental friendly cutting fluid base oil will have a good development prospects. 5.
Epilogue: The biodegradable oil as environmental friendly base oil or modified as additive all have a lot of advantages, but more or less there are some deficiencies due to its own molecular structure, physical and chemical performance ,in general, consider its production technology and cost problem ,the green MWFs research starts relatively late in the domestic, so far few commercial product appearance, how to reduce the cost of industrialization remains to be further study and hard work, in the future ,Research should focus on the following aspects: (1)All kinds of base oil have different performance, even if the same type of base oil, performance also vary considerably due to the structure and component content difference, the biodegradable base oil is the future development trend, more system research need to undertake for all kinds of base oil , and it provides theoretical guidance to develop base oil with better performance for the future ; (2)Some base oil with good comprehensive

Thus, the effect of fullerene derivatives on biological objects is related to their structure and specific redox properties [8, 11].
Molecular structure and composition of synthesized compound were proved by 1D (1H, 13C), 2D (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC) correlation NMR spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry.
A- Molecular structure of the investigated water-soluble fullerene derivative F350.
Zhang, Facile Synthesis of Water-Soluble Fullerene (C60) Nanoparticles via Mussel-Inspired Chemistry as Efficient Antioxidants, Nanomaterials (Basel) 20 (2019) E1647
Kostyuk, Antioxidant Properties of Fullerene Derivatives Depend on Their Chemical Structure: A Study of Two Fullerene Derivatives on HELFs, Oxid.

Freeze drying is used to control the structure and properties of ceramic products.
Defects characteristic of PSZ crystals are compositional range along the length of crystals (growth bands), inclusions of impurities, and a vesicular structure.
Violation such as inclusion of foreign phases, vesicular structure is also caused by impurities.
Annealing the crystal allows the resulting nanocrystalline structure to be aligned.
Lomonova, et. al., Mechanical properties and transformation hardening mechanism in yttria, ceria, neodymia and ytterbia co-doped zirconia based solid solutions, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 232 (2019) 28-33.

But the high temperature molten fluoride salts environment brings great challenges to the structure components in MSR [5].
For example, many fiber structures are made up of the second phase particles on the transverse cross section and rolling plane, while it distributes as irregular reunite state on the normal plane.
It is shown more clearly at high magnification images in Figure 4, the fiber structures on the transverse cross section and rolling plane are consisted by many small second phase particles in a line.
It can be found that the reconstruction morphology of second phase particles is a lamellar-like structure, which is parallel with the normal plane of this Hastelloy N.
In Molten Salts Chemistry, 1st ed.; Frédéric, L., Henri, G.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2013; pp. 471-496

Carbon nanofibers have attracted much attention in recent years because of their similar structure of carbon nanotubes.
The structure transformation of calcium doped carbon nanofibers was detected by XRD.
The high intensity of PCNFs reflection peak indicates the high graphitization structure of PCNFs.
Zhou, Hollow carbon nanospheres derived from biomass by-product okara for imaging-guided photothermal therapy of cancers, Journal of Materials Chemistry B7 (2019)
Shao, Polyacrylonitrile and Carbon Nanofibers with Controllable Nanoporous Structures by Electrospinning, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 294(10) (2009) 673-678

Structural and Magnetic Characteristics Evaluation of Iron Oxide Extracted from Printer Toner Wastes Rodziah Nazlan1,a*, Nurul Hidayah Ghazali1,b , Nur Asyikin Ahmad Nazri2,c Azaima Razali3,d, Ros Azlinawati Ramli1,e, Yuen Mei Lian1,f 1Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2Center of Foundation Studies Cawangan Selangor, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3Advanced Material Lab, 1st floor, Department of Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia a*rodziah@ump.edu.my, bnurulsshid@gmail.com, casyikin2507@uitm.edu.my, dazaimarazali@iium.edu.my, eazlinawati@ump.edu.my, fyuenm@ump.edu.my, Keywords: iron oxide; printer toner waste; magnetic properties; structural properties Abstract.
After the magnetic separation process, samples that were chemically treated using butyl acetate and ethanol showed the presence of a single phase of magnetite (Fe3O4) (Ref. code: 98-010-9587) with cubic crystal structure.
The XRD spectra of the samples after calcination showed that most of the magnetite had undergone a phase transformation to hematite (Ref. code: 98-006-0281) with hexagonal crystal structure.
Structural parameter based on XRD data for all samples Sample Most intense phase Position [°] FWHM [°] d-spacing [Å] hkl Space group Crystal Structure Before heat treatment Magnetite 35.5844 0.177 2.5209 113 Fd-3m Cubic After calcination: 500 °C Hematite 35.778 0.177 2.5077 104 R-3c Hexagonal After annealing: 1400 °C Hematite 35.8606 0.0984 2.5021 104 R-3c Hexagonal Fig. 2 and 3 depicted the morphological structures of the treated powder sample before heat treatment and after heat treatment.
The magnetite structures contain magnetic moments where each of the moment has independent moment vector with different magnitudes and directions.

According to Antonovič et al. [15] from their study, Nano clusters and Nano layers of only amorphous hydrates of aluminate cement are formed in the hardened structure of complex binder.
The polymer molecules in such a conceived orientation are surely less packed or less organized compared with the structure in other latex; nevertheless, it might well act as barrier keeping part of water molecules away from cement granules’ surface [19].
Material Structure. 43(4): 443-451
Interaction of polymers with Portland cement during hydration - a study of the chemistry of the pore solution of polymer-modified cement systems.
Investigation of formation of structure of complex binder.

They are manufactured as either open‐cell or closed‐cell structures.
After 20 h at 160 °C, Ni3S2 nanorods with mesoporous/macroporous structure were formed.
The phase composition and structure study was carried out by X-ray diffraction.
With the addition of 200 mg/L of PEG, three-dimensional interconnected porous structures were formed with compact walls.
The accumulation of the unidirectional deposits within one branch gives the ramified structure of the particles [22].

Zeolites are a family of crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates and alkaline earth cations with three-dimensional crystal structures such as clinoptilolite.
Instead, high surface area, a microporous structure, and a high degree of surface reactivity make activated carbons versatile adsorbents, particularly effective in the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous solutions.
In addition, hydrogen bonds are pronounced as the zeolite incorporated into the CMC structure, thus preventing high elongation and increasing the tensile strength [17].
In the case of zeolite, the ammonium (NH4+) ions are expected to be effectively held by the zeolite through the ion exchange mechanism with the exchanged cations in the zeolite structure [11, 12].
Vayachuta, Bio-inspired surface structure for slow-release of urea fertilizer, J.

To solve this problem, break the traditional plugging ideas, using the theory of the structure of fluid rheology and supramolecular chemistry, the latest theoretical and practical research, design and successfully developed a special sealing agent special gel ZND , the fluid is a kind of its own cohesion is much larger than the affinity between it and the water soluble polymer structure polymer completely filled the entire hole seam space, thus forming the "partition type gel slug blocking" principle [2]. 2004 -2010, in more than 30 wells / time of the Turpan-Hami Oilfield, Changqing Oil Field, Sichuan Northeast vicious loss treatment applied successfully, verify that the principle is correct, high pressure and in the negative security-density window Shuangmiao 1 wells, two wells of high content of H2S Luo family, with high content of the CO2 Xushen 8 - Ping a blowout leak with the deposit in the successful killing played an important role, its social and economic benefits significantly
ΔD> 0, the volume of the gel into the gel internal water way, the gel structure is not severely damaged, still retains a strong structure and flexibility; ΔD = 0, the gel has experienced The first swelling and then dissolved to the same as the original gel volume.
ΔD <0, the three-dimensional network structure of the gel damaged the gel begins to dissolve, the volume decreases, the visual expression gradually dilute.