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These materials have been identified as a possible potential alternative construction material to ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
Source materials The FA used in this work was provided by the Manjung Power Station, Lumut, Perak, Malaysia.
Lee, Properties of alkali-activated mortar and concrete using lightweight aggregate, Journal of Materials and Structures, Vol. 43, pp. 403-416, 2010
Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids; Vol. 358, pp. 1830-1839. 2012
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 34, pp. 575-583, 2012

Introduction The materials for an urban sculpture are selected by the sculptor according to cost, demand of expression, environment context and scale in his times.
During the latter half of 20th century and the 1st decade of 21st century, stainless steel has been become the preferred materials for more and more sculptors.
Stainless steel has been widely used in building construction and industry production since 1920s and turned into sculpture materials that traditionally dominated by marble and bronze.
Combining with forging technique, stainless steel can achieve the same or a larger size than bronzes, marbles and other traditional materials at a much lower price and a lower technical difficulty.
In addition, owing to high output of crude steel and relatively developed metallurgy industry in China, stainless steel forging are more popular naturally and does not depend on specific raw materials field like stone materials.

The Simulation of Compression Performance of Aluminum Foams Base on DEFORM Lucai Wang 1, a, Yanli Wang 1, b, Fang Wang 1,c and Xiaohong You1,d 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan Univercity of Science and Technology, Taiyuan Shanxi 030024, China azsby2@yahoo.com.cn, bmengdekaishi@sohu.com, cporous2005@sina.com, dzsby@sina.com Keywords: aluminum foam, finite element simulation, cell model, Stress-Strain curve.
Introduction Metal foams are a new, as yet imperfectly characterized, class of engineering materials with the advantages of high mechanical strength, large specific surface areas and high porosity.
Two models of this article cannot be complete and comprehensive description of the actual pore porous materials, just consider two factors of the macroscopic symmetry and easy analysis.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 1(1)(1959),p.107 [2] Gibson L G, Ashby M F: Cellular solids Structure and Properties (Cambridge University Press, London1997) [3] Gibson L G, Ashby M F: Cellular Solids (Pergamon Press, New York 1998) [4] Yuanzhang Zhang, Yihui Yi: J.
Journal of Mechanical Strength, Vol. 31(4)(2009),p.625(In Chinese) [5] Lucai Wang, Yuyong Chen: J.

Introduction Metal foams are a new class of engineering materials integrated with physical function and structure.
And the closed-cell aluminium foams material has higher protective value from projectiles than open-cell aluminium foams material.
Fleck, "High strain rate compressive behavior of aluminum foam alloy foams",International Journal of Impact Engineering,vol.24,2000, p.277-292 [4] M.
,vol.16,1978, p.1-99 [5] Weichang Qian, Armor-piercing Mechanics (National Defence Industry Press,1984) [6] Guitong Yang, Soil Dynamics (China Building Material Industry Publishing House , 2000) [7] Guitong Yang, Dynamic Theory of Plasticity (-ew Edition)(Higher Education Press , 2000) [8] Yuzhao Song, Guitong Yang, "Penetration analysis of an axisymmetric projectile to a semiinfinite target", Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,vol.17,1985, p.56-63 [9] M.J.
Ong, "Dynamic indentation and penetration of aluminium foams", Mechanical Sciences, vol.50, 2008, p.932-943

The micro-hardness tests are used in order to evaluate the changes of the materials hardness at the microscopic scale and are widely used to investigate material properties.
The Vickers micro-hardness for most materials is greater than the macro-hardness and depends on the applied load and test conditions [6, 7].
Eun, Evaluation of indentation tensile properties of Ti alloys by considering plastic constraint effect, In: Materials Science and Engineering A 528, 5259–5263, (2011)
Chawla, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 162–168, (1999)
Elbestawi, Surface integrity of die material in high speed hard machining, Part 2: microhardness variations and residual stresses, In: Transactions of ASME, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, 632–641, (2000).

In this study, the effect of bond-slip is neglected, and only the concrete material model and the reinforcing steel material model are required.
Journal of Tongji University, 40 (12), (2012), p. 52-58
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 116 (ST10), (1990), p. 2780-2800
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, 97(ST7), (1971)
ACI Journal, 79 (1), (1982), p. 13-27

Materials and Methods Preparation of samples.
Salman and M, Leite: submitted to Journal of Composites Science (2018) [4] M.R.
Sitti Fatimah: submitted to ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (2017) [6] M.
Saurabh, M .Hazwan Hussin and H.P.Abdul Khalil: submitted to In Materials (2016) [8] D.Grosser and W.
Atandas :submitted to Case Studies in Construction Materials (2015) [10] J.E.

The considered problem is thus formulated as to find the optimal material density distribution that minimizes the material volume under specified displacement constraints.
The material density variable takes the value 1 in solid domain and 0 elsewhere.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 51008248), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant 2010JQ1008) and the NPU Foundation for Fundamental Research (JC200936).
Optimization of structural topology, shape, and material.
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 24 (1987) 359-373

While as, the material properties and structures of biochar are little different due to the raw material and the environment in pyrolysis.
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70 (5):1719-1730. (2006) ].
Australian Journal of Soil of Research,48(7):566-585.( 2010) ].
Environmental Science ,33 (4),1339-1344.( 2012)(In chinese) ] et.al has found that added into different content organic materials, the adsorption of pesticide were enhanced respectively but not to be in one lever, and the biochar adsorption was reduced by the organic materials.
Conclusions and future research Biochars produced from different biomass materials and with different pyrolysis conditions present highly heterogeneous physicochemical properties with different adsorption ability, which can affect the efficacy in impact on kinds of soils.

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