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The appearance cross sectional area was directly obtained from the image based on the total number of pixels enclosed by the boundary [13].
The carbides at grain boundaries block dislocation movements near the crack tip.
It can be suggested that a reduction in number of bigger particle generated could be caused by the microstructure change after the treatment, i.e. the precipitation of finer carbides and the more uniform carbide distribution in the cryogenic treated samples.

When the premise is guaranteed that simulation hierarchy is consistent, we can perform qualified analysis by simulation experiment on lower level to provide fine-grained verification.
Configuration of Satellite network Orbit type GEO MEO LEO altitude(km) 35786 11946 1000 inclination(°) 0 45 99.6 period(s) 86164.09 24685.75 6307.12 Number of satellites 3 12 4 Number of orbits 1 4 4 Phase factor — 1 — We developed the simulation in two different ways.

The most simple and reliable one is ring-down counting, where the number of times the voltage from a transducer exceeds a specified threshold level is counted.
However, the dependence of the number of counts upon the absolute threshold voltage used for the test limits the usefulness of this analysis to comparative studies [6].
The possible phenomena can be the glide of dislocations, grain-boundary sliding, dislocation climb and Herring-Nabarro creep.

The most promising technologies have been engineered to a higher level and are now used for the production of prototypes, parts or models in a great number of applications [1-3].
The advantage of laser-aided rapid solidification will be taken to give rise to the finer grains and less macro segregation in the microstructure of the as-deposited parts, so the mechanical properties of the parts might be even higher than those of which are made by conventional methods.
The LMDS has a number of advantages over previous RP&M techniques including more robust deposition, more accurate placement of the deposited material and the ability to produce functional gradient materials by simply mixing powders during deposition.

These gettering processes are the diffusion of impurities in regions of high solubility (e.g. phosphorous doped emitter) or the precipitation of impurities at crystal defects like grain boundaries or dislocations.
Slip occurs usually at (111) planes because these planes contain the highest number of atoms.
Acknowlegdement This work was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research under contract number 03SF0379B (“CZ-Sil”) in the framework of the Excellence Cluster Solar Valley Central Germany.

The waste drawing lubricants have been included in National Hazardous Wastes Catalogue with the number HW09.
The treatment of drawing lubricants, just like many other kinds of metal-working fluids, is important in a large number of industries.
Iron-carbon as a primary battery has been one of the most effective micro-electrolysis methods, among which the iron scrap was typically studied mainly for the treatment of dye-printing wastewater with following advantages: (1) Instead of industrial material, waste iron scraps can be used as iron-carbon grains to be cost-efficient. (2) The primary batteries can be formed and work by themselves with no need for power supply and addition of chemical agents.

Introduction A grate number of the engineering applications requires a surface layer which is very hard and strong, with a high wear-resistant, but on the other hand has relatively soft interior structures contributing a proper ductility.
Properties of WC and BN powders Powder Grain size, µm Melting temp., °C Density, g/cm3 Structure Hardness, HV WC 80 2870 15.69 hexagonal 3400 BN 2 3000 2.25 regular 2000 a) b) c) d) 3 mm 3 mm 3 mm 3 mm Fig. 1 Trace of the laser tray of the a) surface layer after WC powder feeding into the AlSi9Cu alloy, laser power 1.5, kW, b) 32CrMoV12-28 steel remelted with BN powder, laser power 1.6 kW, c) 32CrMoV12-28 steel remelted with BN powder, laser power 2.0 kW, d) X4032CrMoV5-1 steel remelted with BN powder, laser power 2.2kW Structure investigation was performed using the light microscope Leica MEF4A supplied by Zeiss in a magnification range up to 1000x.
Acknowledgements This research was partially financed within the framework of the National Science Centre under grant decision number 2011/01/B/ST8/06663 headed by Dr Eng.

The average lifetime is independent of the number of artificially created components and restrictions [21].
Thus it can be said that the size of vacancy clusters is not changed but the number of them is reduced.
Islamgaliev, Positron-Lifetime Investigation of Thermal Stability of Ultra-Fine Grained Nickel, Phys. stat. sol.

The indicated differences in the compositions of impurities (particularly ones crystallized on grain boundaries, in the first place, of lead, antimony and bismuth) allow one to predict a higher scatter of the main indices of copper rod: specific ohmic resistance, a number of rotations before fracture, plastic metal properties, copper density.
Firstly, owing to the ductility reduction the portion number decreased from 6 to 4.

The noted integral models include a number of mathematical models for the quantitative description of the complex evolution of austenite microstructure at the hot rolling stage [7-14], as well as its decomposition during subsequent accelerated cooling with the formation of a set of practically important structural components [15-17].
Composition number Chemical composition, mass. % C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo 1 0.02 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 0.08 1.8 − 0.6 0.2 0.2 3 0.09 1.5 0.2 0.8 0.5 − 4 0.10 2.0 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.0 5 0.17 0.74 0.2 − − − 6 0.20 1.5 1.5 − − − 7 0.20 3.0 3.0 − − − 8 0.20 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9 0.30 − 0.6 1.5 1.5 0.2 10 0.47 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 11 0.50 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.5 12 0.60 0.9 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.8 The Results and Discussion Formula for A3.
[15] Bradley JR, Aaronson HI (1981) Growth Kinetics of Grain Boundary Ferrite Allotriomorphs in Fe-C-X Alloys.