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The research shows that after reasonable structure design and advanced manufacturing technology, the weight loss of ordinary steel body can reach 7%.The body is made of high strength steel, aluminum alloy and carbon fiber composite material, which can achieve weight reduction effect of 15% - 30% on the basis of ensuring the performance of the vehicle.
Therefore, composite laminates with multi-layers and multi-sequence layers are used in the design of automobile structure, because the basic mechanical properties of all different laminates are obtained by material performance experiments, which not only brings great inconvenience to the performance analysis of vehicle structure, but also consumes a lot of manpower and material resources.
Damage modes of composite laminates Fiber reinforced resin matrix composites structure mainly includes two main types of damage: in-plane damage and delamination.
Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry.17(2011):191-197
Composite Structures.92(2010):499-507

For isothermal rate law, integrating the Eq. 2 gives the integral form of solid-state equation rate: gα= kt (4) k=Aexp⁡-EaRT (5) where k is overall rate constant; the g(α) is the integral reaction model defined by: gα=0αdαf(α) (5) In the present work, it is assumed that the POMFA particles are spherical, have homogeneous structure and surrounded by sodium hydroxide solvent.
The sodium hydroxide solvent will have to penetrate into the POMFA particles and dissolve the silica within the particle, leaving porous structure in the carbon residue.
If it is assumed that the limiting steps for the extraction process is the diffusion of sodium hydroxide into the particles, the rate of extraction will decrease proportionally with the thickness of porous structure in the residue.
Referring to Fig. 1, let R the radius of particle; x refers to the thickness of porous structure of the carbon residue; n is the number of the POMFA particles and ρ is the density of the POMFA particles: The initial weight of the POMFA = 4 3nρπR3 The weight of the POMFA at time t = 43nρπR-x3 The conversion fraction for the extraction involving n spherical particles is α=43nρπR3-43nρπR-x343nρπR3 (6) α=1-R-x3R3 (7) x=R(1-1-α13) (8) Assume the diffusion of sodium hydroxide in the porous structure of the carbon residue follows the parabolic laws x2=kt (9) Substituting equation 9 into equation 8, gives R1-1-α132=kt (10) Assume that k/R2 = k’ equation 10 can be written 1-1-α132=k't (11) Equation 11 is well known as the three-dimensional Jander equation [11].
Flanagan : Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, No. 35, pp. 17315-17328, 2006

Properties of Polyurethanes Based on Tall Oil Fatty Acids Ester with Different Types of Flame Retardants Vladimir Yakushina, Uldis Stirnab, Irina Sevastyanovac, Dzintra Vilsoned, Viesturs Zeltinse and Mikelis Kirpluksf Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia ayakushin@edi.lv, bstirna@edi.lv, csevastyanova@inbox.lv, ddzivi@edi.lv, eviesturs.zeltins@inbox.lv, fmkirpluks@edi.lv Keywords: Polyurethanes, tall oil, fatty acids, reactive flame retardants, properties.
Additive flame retardants do not take part in urethane formation reactions, and in fact act as an intermolecular plasticizer in the polyurethane structure.
Reactive flame retardants, beside the atoms of phosphorus and halogens, contain functional groups, which can react with the functional groups of polyol or isocyanate and directly take part in the formation of the structure of polyurethane.
Thus, a regular confirmation was obtained that the combustibility of the polymer depends not only on the content of the main flame-retardant compounds and elements, but also on the chemical structure of the flame retardant.
The latter can be explained by the strengthening of the intermolecular interaction in crosslinked polyurethane upon the incorporation of the investigated reactive flame retardants in its structure.

However, electrophoresis or vacuum filter method mostly conglomerate TiO2 nanoparticles at the orifice of the TNT arrays and the particles are not uniformly distributed inside the columns since TiO2 is a semiconductor and the TNT arrays have a closed bottom cylindrical structure.
To assemble DSSCs, a sandwich structure of the TiO2 nanotube arrays photoanode covered by a ~10 nm thickness Pt sputtered on another FTO conductive glass served as the counter electrode.
Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were utilized to characterize the morphology and structure of the TiO2 nanotubes arrays films.
After annealing at 500 oC for 3 h, the amorphous TNT arrays were converted to anatase structure (PCPDF card 892921) as shown in Fig. 2(b).
Yoriya, et al., Anodic growth of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays to 134 μm in length, Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (2006) 16179-16184

(PL, FL3-2-iHR320-NIR-TCSPC) Structural characterization The morphology and structure of the products was determined by a Philips XL30ESEM scanning electronic microscope (SEM).
As a certain amount of Zn contained in the substrate reacts with ZnO, which makes ZnO a non-stoichiometric structure, resulting in a considerable number of defects and emission of green light.
Its main structures are 1,2-ethylene glycol, and 1,3-ethylene glycol, which indicate better performance as metal ions are linear arranged.
Hence, for sample 1 in Fig.3 (a), the image shows a high density of dislocations confined to the interface as a consequence of the different crystal structure of SiO2 and ZnO.
Pandey, Structural Chemistry, 20(2009)847-856

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to analyze the structure of the composite PCM.
As shown in Figure 2(b), the walls are designed in sandwich structure, whose two outside layers are gypsum boards.
Contrasting b with a, we can clearly figure out the porous structure of EP and the state when the pores in the blended EP are filled with PCM.
SEM images showed that PCM can be well integrated into the porous structure of EP.
[18] Takahiro Nomura,Noriyuki Okinaka, Tomohiro Akiyama, Impregnation of porous material with phase change material for thermal energy storage, Materials Chemistry and Physis. 115 (2009) 846-850.

Low Sulfur Fuel Distillates Obtaining From Vacuum Gasoil KARPOV Yury O.a, KRIVTCOV Evgenii B.b, GOLOVKO Anatolii K.c Federal State Institution of Petroleum Chemistry Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Akademichesky ave., 4, Tomsk, 634021, Russia aNajika@sibmail.com, bjohn@ipc.tsc.ru, cgolovko@ipc.tsc.ru Keywords: vacuum gasoil, thermolysis, high molecular compounds, radical forming additions, low sulfur fuel.
It is known, [6] that such structures in conditions of thermal influence easily undergo cyclisation and dehydrogenation reactions and at the same time they form condensed polycyclic structures, wherein the separation of low MW fragments occurs, which form IPB-360 °С fraction components.
In initial resins average molecule there are no heteroatomic atoms: practically it has not sulfur atoms, half of molecules contain in its structure nitrogen and oxigen atoms, i.e. will be composed from pyridine, pyrrole and furan rings.
Novokuibyshevsk refinery vacuum gasoil and thermolysis products resins molecule’s structural-group parameters in different conditions Sample Index Resins Initial 450 °С, 60 min 450 °С, 100 min Without PB PB 5% PB:S = 1:1 Without PB PB 5% MW a.m.u. 311 491 294 227 355 286 Atoms amount in average molecule С 21.10 33.74 18.02 14.01 23.33 18.18 H 27.46 46.11 21.78 13.89 30.97 22.27 N 0.33 0.56 0.17 0.06 0.26 0.20 S 0.41 0.54 0.20 0.14 0.39 0.17 O 0.76 0.89 2.91 2.49 1.71 2.32 Blocks amount in molecule mа 1.17 1.45 1.30 0.83 1.26 1.33 Ring’s structure Кoverall 4.38 5.42 1.88 1.79 3.81 2.15 Кaromatic 1.65 2.82 1.88 1.79 2.01 2.15 Кsaturated 2.73 2.60 0.00 0.00 1.81 0.00 Aromatic factor fa 36.14 36.21 59.12 77.99 38.83 56.97 Different types carbon atoms amount in average molecule Саromatic 7.62 12.22 10.65 10.93 9.06 10.36 Csaturated 11.27 10.57 0.00 0.00 7.22 0.00 Сparaffin 2.20 10.95 7.37 3.08 7.05 7.82 Сα 3.72 5.30 1.85 1.00 3.88 1.82 Сγ 1.77 3.12 0.99 0.43 1.75 1.10 Кoverall – total annulation
Liang, Reaction performance and chemical structure changes of oil sand bitumen during the fluid thermal process, Energy&Fuels. 25 (2011) 3615-3623

Natural cellulose has two coexisting phases of cellulose Ia and Ib with triclinic and monoclinic crystal structure, respectively, in varying proportion depending on its biological origin [18].
This confirmed that the crystal structure of CNCs isolated from sisal fiber is monoclinic and consistent with the FTIR result.
Doiron, Rapid characterization of molecular chemistry, nutrient make-up and microlocation of internal seed tissue, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 14 (2007) 382-390
Itoh, Structure determination cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall of cladophora, Bulletin of the Wood Research Institute of Kyoto University, 84 (1997) 28-30
Huang, Structure and morphology of cellulose in wheat straw, Cellulose, 12 (2005) 25-34

So, durability of structural material and service-life of structure will be affected greatly.
Principle of crack managed harmless means utilizing physical chemistry effect of organic or inorganic materials to decrease shrinkage of cement based material and make the shrinkage less than permission value. 1.2 Materials Binder: Portland cement 42.5 produced by Wuhan YaDong Cement CO.
In addition, some function accommodation constituents were also used in SRM. 1.3 Mix proportions and test methods Thaumasite has a crystal structure based on columns of composition {Ca3[Si(OH)6]·12H2O}4+.
Crystal structure of thaumasite [Ca3Si(OH)6·12H2O]SO4CO3.
Vol. 92 (1995), p.15-24 [6]] China Civil Engineering Society, Durability Design and Construction of Concrete Structures .Bei Jing: China Architecture & Building Press, (2004), p.40-41 [7] N.J.

Kapsiz et al. [9] study the friction and wear between cylinder liner and piston ring pair using Taguchi design method whereas, Rodrigues and Fernandes [10] presented a material based model for topology optimization of thermo-elastic structures.
Also, Topology optimization which is a flexible and reliable design tool, is carried out for the optimal material layout of the piston structure.
It helps in conceptual design for lighter and stiffer structures.
Fernandes, A material based model for topology optimization of thermoelastic structures, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 38, 1995, 1951-1965. [11] I.
SiC(p) composite and the base alloy in sodium hydroxide solution, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9 (2016) S1144 - S1154