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Four effects (two exothermic and two endothermic), numbered I to IV, are evident.
(c, d and e adapted from [21]) The strength model In polycrystalline materials several hardening mechanisms operate, and the yield strength should generally be given by [25]: σy = ∆σGB + M·τtot (1) where ∆σGB is the grain boundary strengthening, M is an orientation factor (often termed the Taylor factor), and τtot is the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of the grains which is determined by several strengthening mechanisms, most notably intrinsic hardening, precipitate hardening (including co-cluster hardening) and solution hardening.

In Fig. 2(b), a close-up view of region I shows relatively coarse grains in the base metal.
In Fig. 2(c), a close-up view of region II shows finer grains with dispersed pure aluminum layers (marked by small arrows) in the stir zone.
For the limited number of specimens available, we could not determine more precisely the applied load range for the transition of one cracking mode to the other.

The average grain sizes of the samples were calculated using the Scherrer equation according to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak at 2θ =12.7°.
The order of grain size is: OL (1.5 nm) > 0.1Ag/OL (0.9 nm) > 0.2Ag/OL (0.7 nm) > 0.5Ag/OL (0.6 nm) > 0.3Ag/OL (0.5 nm).
Fig. 7 Catalytic activity of OL and xAg/OL for CO Table 2 The T50 and T90 for CO oxidation of OL and xAg/OL Sample CO/T50 (°C) CO/T90 (°C) OL 125 169 0.1Ag/OL 120 151 0.2Ag/OL 110 142 0.3Ag/OL 105 135 0.5Ag/OL 108 138 The reaction rate rcat can be better reflect the catalytic activity [10], where rcat is the number of moles of CO converted per gram of catalyst per second.

The transfer of these cracks from one layer to the next one is delayed to a higher number of cycles [6-8, 10].
Hockey, Crack-Interface Grain Bridging as a Fracture Resistance Mechanism in Ceramics: I, Experimental Study on Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 70 No. 4 (1987) 279-289
Lawn, Crack-Interface Grain Bridging as a Fracture Resistance Mechanism in Ceramics: II, Theoretical Fracture Mechanics Model, Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 70 No. 4 (1987) 289-294

The growth direction of the grain will change when it is near the center of the weld, which limits the growth of the grain and refines the structure.
Therefore, it is speculated that in the two-beam laser welding high-strength steel/aluminum alloy, If the weld joint intermetallic compound layer has many needle-like structures, its mechanical properties are inferior to those of the intermetallic compound layer welded joints having a large number of tongue-like structures.

It has a lower content of carbon (0.03% max. for type 304L grade and 0.08% for type 304 grade) to reduce a sensitized zone due to carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries during the welding process [3, 4].
The presence of heat tint has affected their corrosion resistance by microsegregation, precipitation of secondary phases, formation of unmixed zones, recrystallization, and grain growth in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) [13].
Tu, Finite element analysis of the effect of welding heat input and layer number on residual stress in repair welds for a stainless steel clad plate, Materials & design, 32 (2011) 2851-2857

This short bibliography contains a limited number of research results of mortars and concrete properties made with refractory brick aggregate (as fine aggregate or additions).
The grain size distribution was performed in accordance with P 18-560 standard [27], and it is presented in Figure 1.
The grain size distribution of natural and recycled aggregates is comparable.

The use of single crystals for research will allow us to exclude the grains boundaries’ effect on the MT and the inhomogeneous distribution of dispersed particles along the grain boundaries, as well as to establish its role in the formation of the functional properties SME and SE in single crystals of ferromagnetic FeNiCoAlX (X = Ta, Nb, Ti), NiFeGaCo alloys.
Critical stresses, transformation strain and stress hysteresis (Δσ = 17 MPa) do change with increasing the number of cycles from 2 to 10.

The short-term effect of a number of disposable protective face masks on the condition of soil by chemical component has been studied.
Thus, a significant surge in demand for these products has led to the release into the environment of a large number of used PPE that clutters urban areas [14] and the natural environment [15].
Negative effects from unorganized storage and disposal of a significant number of protective face masks are noted in [27, 28].
Subsequently, this sample is dried by the dry-air method and homogenized to a grain size of 5 - 7 mm.

In effect the transport equation (1) produces an infinite number of solutions of R(V) as it specifies, for a given supersaturation (or undercooling), only the tip Péclet number, i.e. the product R.V.
Trivedi relaxed the low Péclet number approximation of the former authors and treated a paraboloid of revolution as well as a parabolic plate in his 1970 papers [13,14].
Fig. 3: Dimensionless growth rate (Péclet number) vs. dimensionless tip radius for thermal dendrites (after Glicksman).
They stated that the different lamellae of one phase in one grain have the same orientation and that both phases show a specific orientation relationship with their growth being diffusion controlled.
As in dendritic growth, the transport solution in eutectic growth relates supersaturation (or undercooling) to the Péclet number, i.e. to the product V.λ (λ = eutectic spacing).