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The Debye-Waller factor (DWF) of CuO nanoparticles was determined using Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern and the Wilson’s plot, and the results were discussed on the basis of the number of surface atoms and thermal vibrations.
The grain size is generally determined from XRD picture by using Scherrer equation, (1) where β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peaks in radians.
Determination of the Debye-Waller factor When the dimensions of the bulk material reach nano scale, their properties are (particle) size dependent as the surface atoms dominate whose number is also size dependent.

Impurities of calcium aluminosilicates in natural sands during firing form a sintering liquid phase, which makes it possible to obtain fine-grained granules.
Firing was carried out at 1190 ºС, since at a lower temperature the material was obtained unburned with a large number of cakes.
During the sintering and further cooling of the raw proppant, magnesium metasilicate and free silica undergo a number of polymorphic transformations.
As a result, the phase composition of the fired proppant is represented by magnesium metasilicate in the form of protoenstatite and clinoenstatite, and, to a lesser extent, quartz, cristobalite and a number of ferruginous compounds.
The use of this type of proppant has a number of limitations associated with side chemical reactions of the coating with the fracturing fluid.

Similarly, the atomic number ratio of Fe to Ni in the diffusion dissolution layer II is about 6.25, which is close to 0.7/0.11, thus the possible phase of the diffusion dissolution layer II is Cr0.19Fe0.7Ni0.11 solid solution.
As the temperature increases, the number of activated molecules increases and the kinetic energy increases.
At the same time, the grain of the welded area has a tendency to grow significantly, and the structure gradually enlarged.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (Project Number 201810615045), the Southwest University of Petroleum University Extracurricular Open Experiment Project (Project Number KSZ17133) and Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Field Materials of Sichuan Higher Education Institutions (Project Number X151518KCL01).

China government neither allows cultivating biomass energy plants in crop lands, nor translating crop grains into bio-fuels.
Calculation of salt injure rate Salt injury rate=Plant number of salt-induced injury symptoms/total plant number×100% Measurement of Pn, Fv/Fm The determination of Pn is dependent on the Li-6400 photosynthetic cryoscope.
Calculation of STn (ST, selective transport) Values of STn(Na+/K+) and STn(Na+/Ca2+) were estimated following the equation of Wang and Zhu [11] with some modification: STn(A/B, Na+/K+) = (Na+/K+ in part A)/(Na+/K+ in part B) STn(A/B, Na+/Ca2+) = (Na+/Ca2+ in part A)/(Na+/Ca2+ in part B) Where n stands for the number of ST in the joints between segments along the part of transport, n = 1, 2, 3….
Leaf number and total leaf area of Jitianza 2 were significantly higher than those in Lvneng 1, which led to higher photosynthesis and biomass accumulation.
Table 1 Comparison of two sweet sorghum varieties in field Parameters Jitianza 2 Lvneng 1 Emergence rate (%) 75.34±5.26a 36.67±3.35b Plant height (cm) 3.98±0.13a 2.68±0.12b Stem width (cm) 2.25±0.17a 1.75±0.14b Number of leaf blade (slice) 17.3±0.67a 13.2±0.34b Total leaf area (m2) 0.66±0.02a 0.31±0.01b Stem stalk Yield (kg/hm2) 73815±57a 30450±40b Ear Yield (kg/hm2) 5760±28a 3390±13b Juice yield (%) 55.12±2.78a 38.78±3.23b Stalk Brix (%) 19.6±0.42a 16.3±0.34b Sugar content (%) 16.66±0.33a 13.86±0.27b Note: Different letter on the right of data indicated significant difference between Jitianza 2 and Lvneng 1 at P < 0.05 level, and data are the means of 20 replicates.

Introduction Diffusion in nanostructures presents challenging features even if the role of structural defects (dislocations, phase- or grain-boundaries) can be neglected.
(1) In this exchange model Γi,i+1 is the probability per unit time that an A atom in layer i exchanges its position with a B atom in the layer i+1. zv is the vertical coordination number and ci denotes the atomic fraction of A atoms on plane i.
For the 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 10 20 30 number of layers atomic fraction of Ni t = 0 t > 0 Fig.6: Flux distribution and sharpening of an initially linear composition profile if the diffusion coefficient has strong composition dependence [14] 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Number of layers Atomic fraction of A t=67t1 (b) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Number of layers Atomic fraction of A t=67t1 (b) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 Number of layers Atomic fraction of A nβ(Xβ=anβ) nI nα cβ t=t1 (a) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 Number of layers Atomic fraction of A nβ(Xβ=anβ) nI nα cβ t=t1 (a) case of semi-infinite geometry the first part of the intermixing (the initial sharpening and linear shift of the interface) will be extended to times under which the deposited film consumes.
The division of the composition profile into three regions is illustrated in a) [15]. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 50 100 150 200 Number of layers Atomic fraction of A cβ 1-cβ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 50 100 150 200 Number of layers Atomic fraction of A cβ 1-cβ where ∆c=-cβ.
For the thickness of the diffusion zone we can write X=Xα+XI+Xβ=nαa+nIa+nβa, where nα and nβ are the numbers of atomic planes along which the composition falls in the α and β phases on the left and right hand side of the interface, respectively.

., twin and deformation faults), APB for Anti-Phase domain Boundaries, C for composition fluctuations, GRS for grain surface relaxation.
The minimization procedure proceeds with user-defined numbers of iterations.
This can be caused by a number of effects, among which lattice deformation (the so-called microstrain) due to defects.
It is interesting to conclude this discussion with a remark on the number of parameters used, and the general robustness of the procedure.
The limited number of parameters gives robustness to the algorithm and facilitates fast convergence to the best NLSQ result.

The numbers represent the performance: 1 – extremely poor; 2 – d poor; 3 – limited; 4 – good; 5 – extremely good.
Presently, there have been a number of successful commercial water treatment membranes.
For example, the AB-block copolymers composed of polybutadien-b-polyethylenoxid and its self-organization into a micelle with aggregation number of 8 are shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3: AB-block copolymers composed of Polybutadien-b-polyethylenoxid and the self-organization into a micelle with aggregation number of 8.
Gas permeability measurements confirmed the highly porous nature of the films, but the lack of water permeability suggested that the nanochannels might be discontinuous on a macroscopic level, e.g. due to ‘grain boundaries’ in the film.

The medium copolymer PtBMA-b-PHEMA-SSZ and the final product of PtBMA-b-PHEMA-b-PDMAEMA had their number-average molecular weight of 1.95 × 104 g/mol and 4.4 × 104 g/mol with their corresponding polydispersity indexs 1.25 and 1.35, respectively.
GPC chromatographs (Fig. 3) shows that the linear triblock copolymer was prepared by controlled radical polymerization mediated with the RAFT process have an incremental growth of number-average molecular weight with the lapse of polymerization time and finally the number degree of polymerization of the polymer segment increased during the whole RAFT polymerization process as a result, indicating a living feature of polymerization.
Meanwhile, the number degree of polymerization of different segments in the triblock copolymer PtBMA-b-PGMA-b-PSt and PtBMA-b-PHEMA-b-PD MAEMA can be quantificationally evaluated by the H-NMR and structure can be determined when the integral intensity of aromatic signal at 7.9 ppm in the 1H-NMR was set as one unit (Table 1).
While the number-average molecular weight (Mn,GPC) and polydispersity index (PDI) were evaluated by the GPC chromatographs (Table 1).
The D band is activated in the first-order scattering process of sp2 carbons by the presence of in-plane substitutional heteroatoms, vacancies, grain boundary, or other defects and by finite size effects, all of which lower the crystalline symmetry of the quasi-infinite lattice [14].

Therefore, an alternative would be to invest in new and better technologies to guarantee gasoline free from polluting octane compounds such as additives, lead, tetraethyl and tert-butyl methyl ether through the n-hexane isomerization, which is an important reaction that allows a remarkable increase in the octane number (index that expresses the antidetonation power of a fuel) [1-2].
The crystallite size of the solid phase were evaluated on the basis of the Debye-Scherrer formula [9, 14], (τ = 0.9λ/βcos θ) where τ is the grain size of crystal, λ is the wavelength of the incident beam, β is the full width at half of the maximum of the diffraction band intensity and θ is half the Bragg angle.
The selectivity towards high octane number products increased with the addition of cerium oxide.
Conclusions The catalyst Pt/ZS10Ce, which is very active at low temperatures, is particularly useful in the isomerization of light petroleum fractions, to obtain products with high octane numbers.
With the increase of this oxide in the reaction of isomerization of n-hexane there is no coke formation and the products are more selective toward those with high octane number.

Typical fine grained HSLA-steel types of Danube Steelworks In 2003 Dunaferr Co.
The Fig. 7 clearly demonstrates that the number of papers on DP-steels is insignificantly low now, while the number of articles on TRIPsteels is growing rapidly.
Cooling route of TRIP steels after hot rolling 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 TRIP-steels D-P steels 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 PHZ 260 HX 180 DC 05 MHZ 420 MHZ 340 MHZ 260 DP-K 30/50 RA-K 40/70 HSZ 260 Poor deep-drawing Excellent stretching and deep-drawing Excellent stretching Hardening exponent, n Lankford-number, r Figure 7.
The classification of DP- and TRIP-steels on the basis of forming technique can be carried out primarily with the help of the stress strained curve, the Lankford-number and the plasticity determined by computing or measurement, as well as the comparison of these values with those of other materials.
Acknowledgement The National Scientific Research Foundation supported this research: project number is T43571.