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Several samples were found to change their tendency to oxidize red after sieving >90 mesh, indicating the influence of grain size on pigment mixing.
Table 4 Pigment color results with particle size treatment Sampel L* a* b* ΔE*ab (PB) ΔE*ab (OR) ΔE*ab (TiO2) Comment A1 12 0 -6 8,32 29,87 82,75 PB Dominant A2 38 -5 0 21,26 27,86 48,99 PB Dominant A3 59 -5 2 38,95 35,15 29,06 TiO2 Dominant B1 15 0 -13 4,28 31,73 79,08 PB Dominant B2 33 -8 -12 16,55 36,05 56,29 PB Dominant B3 48 -7 -3 28,14 31,76 39,55 PB Dominant C1 11 -1 -3 11,14 30,28 83,99 PB Dominant C2 40 -2 3 23,22 23,09 46,46 PB and OR relatives C3 57 -3 9 39,59 30,30 30,42 OR Dominant D1 17 0 4 16,16 24,41 74,61 PB Dominant D2 34 -11 -5 20,35 33,52 54,59 PB Dominant D3 57 -2 8 39,05 29,31 30,32 OR Dominant E1 17 10 8 19,35 17,39 75,85 OR Dominant E2 46 8 12 30,73 12,48 42,11 OR Dominant E3 65 4 13 47,62 31,1 25,15 TiO2 Dominant FTIR analysis FTIR characterization at wave numbers 4000-500 cm-1 aims to determine the functional groups of oxide red, Prussian blue, and their mixture.
EDX testing produced data on the type and number of atoms.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the financial support from Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Sebelas Maret (LPPM-UNS) through Penelitian Hibah Grup Riset (HGR) Scheme with contract number 194.2/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2024.

The number of carbon atoms per cluster (N) can be calculated by following relation [23] in eqn. (4); the values are listed in Table 1.
Eg = 34.3/ÖN eV (4) Where N is the number of carbon atoms per cluster and Eg is the energy band gap.
Table 1 Band gap by direct allowed transitions, number of carbon atoms in pure PMMA and composites films irradiated by 85 MeV C- ion beam.
It may be attributed to splitting of crystalline grains due to absorption of large amount of energy and it also reflects the formation of disorder system.
This increase in conductivity is probably due to the generation of large number of charged and active chemical species, cations, anions, and radicals [36].

Proper TCPT should be selected based on several factors: exposed temperatures and heating rates, number of temperature cycles, mechanical movements, chemical and / or alloy contents, applications and ease of use.
Depending on the process and the monitoring point, the TCPT is immersed in liquid metal for varying lengths of time, ranging from what could be consider continuous through to a cyclical process of a number of minutes.
Relevant characteristics of TCPTs There are a number of characteristics of TCPTs to be considered in selecting the most suitable, and as with many such decisions, there are a number of imperatives, and a number of ‘nice-to-haves’.
The MAC thermocouple tube is a true composite between fine-grained silicon carbide and boron nitride.
Even within the one casthouse, there should be a number of different types of TCPT, depending on the particular requirements of each application to have the most cost and quality effective solution.

During ion radiation, the damage changes the number of these negative ion groups via dissociation and topographical rearrangement on the surface.
Therefore, transferring of large DNA fragments, or gene groups, or even the whole genome is a direction for future research. 2.3 Main crop breeding by ion beam bioengineering As a compound mutagen, the multiple combinations of implanted ion energy, ion species, charge number, and particle number lead to plentiful and diverse biological effects.
In Anhui Province, planting areas of the new crop varieties have expanded to over 2.36 million hectares and grain output has increased by more than 0.8 million tons in 2004.
The leaf number and leaf area of opposite maize increase by almost a factor of two compared to that in other plants, but the mean leaf area of the opposite plant is lower than that of the original.
Updated practical achievements in crop breeding are presented with a number of examples.

These frameworks must account for the intricate interactions between the applied cyclic loading, the inherent material microstructure (including grain size, morphology, crystallographic texture, and the presence of inclusions or precipitates), the evolving residual stress fields, and the progressive accumulation of fatigue damage leading to crack initiation and propagation [26].
The evolution of residual stresses under cyclic loading was systematically investigated by monitoring changes in stress state as a function of the number of applied cycles.
In these cases, the tensile residual stresses tended to decrease in magnitude towards a neutral (or even compressive) value as the number of cycles increased.
The curve shows a typical fatigue behavior where higher stress amplitudes lead to a lower number of cycles to failure.
Cyclic Stress Evaluation: The initial stress tends to vary significantly during the first cycles, then stabilizes or shows fluctuations as the number of cycles increases.

(14) With the help of Eq. (8) and Eq. (14), we may write Eq. (7) as: Q/N = λ. k Tm , (15) where N is Avogadro's number and k is Boltzmann's constant.
Most commonly observed deviations arise when the diffusion takes place mainly via dislocations and the grain boundaries [27-29].
In Fig.12, self-diffusion data for a number of bcc metals are plotted as a function of homologous temperature. β-Zr and β-Ti are located in between β-Pr and ε-Pu on the upper side and Nb, V and Cr on the lower side.
In Fundamentals of Grain and Interface Boundary Diffusion, Zieggler Press, Stuttgart, (1988) [29] L.G.

The coefficients k and n are determined from the experimental data The statistical parameters are defined as Eq. 4 and Eq. 5: R2=1-i=1Nweqexp,i- weqcal,i2i=1Nweqexp,i- weqcal,i2 (4) E(%)=100Ni=1Nweqexp,i- weqcal,iweqexp,i (5) With, weqexp,i  : experimental equilibrium water content (kg/kg d.b), weqcal,i : predicted equilibrium water content (kg/kg d.b), weqcal,i : predicted average water content, N: Number of experimental points.
Table 2: Size distributions of soil Grain Reference sample % of gravels (Ф>2 mm) % of sand (2>Ф>0.02 mm) % of silt (0.02>Ф>0.002 mm) % of clay (Ф<0.002 mm) Echlat 3.2 60.4 15.2 21.2 Fig. 7.
Grain size curve Clays give the soil a water absorption capacity (called activity) which can lead to shrinkage/swelling phenomena and play an important role in the plasticity and cohesion of the soil.
In addition, small pore sizes are favorable for capillary condensation and concrete, with the largest number of small connected pores showing a higher adsorption capacity at very high humidity than other composites [10,26].

Government requirements on safety have compelled manufacturers to carry out considerable number of crash tests to validate the safety of their cars [67].
The Association specialises in carrying out crash testing for a number of motor manufacturers such as Ford and BMW.
Specimens were manufactured parallel to the grain structure.
The author recommends that the line with the best correlation should be selected from a number of lines generated from a range of static yield stress values.

The number of counts that correspond to a time t between events in detectors i and j can be written , where is the angle between detectors i and j, is the number of true coincidences at angle and time t, and is the number of accidental coincidences.
The number of true coincidences is given by , where N0,ij is the number of counts at t = 0 and is the mean lifetime of the intermediate nuclear state (the PAC level).
The estimate for Tf is found by solving for the temperature at which is equal to the average grain size in a sample.
The ratio of site fractions of probes in sites B and A, fB/fA, is related to the concentrations by where NB is the number of B-sites per unit cell and NA is the number of A sites.
Note that zt = zdz where z is the coordination number of the probe site.

In order to determine the properties of such systems coarse-grained models of confined polymers were designed where macromolecules were represented by united atoms.
Models on Lattices with Low Coordination Number The model chains were embedded to a simple cubic lattice which means that polymer segments were limited to the set of vectors of the type (±1, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0) and (0, 0, ±1), i.e. for the lattice with the coordination number ζ = 6 [5].
The model chains were constructed of the vectors of the type [1, 1, 1], i.e. the coordination number of the lattice was ζ = 4.
For chains with the non-zero local potential the increase of the number of helical states is considerably higher.
Thus, finite size effects are connected to the number of monomers in a blob and to the length of chain.