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For this reason, the mathematical models presented in publications [6–8] still do not allow us to identify the causes of the observed contradictions and to receive a reasoned answer to a number of key questions in the theory and practice of steel casting.
(1) The solution of the system (1) for a number of low-carbon out-of-peritectic alloys (С0≤СH or С0≥СB; С0 is the carbon content in the alloy), presented in Table 1, performed by using the POLYTHERM software package [10] to assess the joint introduction effect of basic components such as silicon, manganese, chromium and nickel within their grade content in casting steels.
Numbers 1, 2, 3 correspond to the minimum, average and maximum content of the input component - Si (a), Mn (b), Cr (c), Ni (d); the content of the remaining Xi components in the alloys corresponds to the average level (Table 1).
The separate influence of a number of alloying components (Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, etc.) on the position of critical points H, J, B, studied on the basis of thermodynamic analysis [12], is considered as additive in temperature and concentration.
Karlinski de Barcellos et al, Modelling of heat transfer, dendrite microstructure and grain size in continuous casting of steels, Steel Res.

Tension, hardness, as well as density, was conducted on a large number of specimens at arrangement angles between zero and 90° at 15° intervals a collapse mechanism map the alike as those generated by fiber-reinforced composites [28].
The microstructure close to a bonding method attributable to confined to a small area plastic deformation of asperities that endure re-crystallization addition to grain growth transversely the interface of the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) levels [34].
The SLS method isn't solely controlled by the number and speed of energy provides [51] however, to a good extent by the essential laser-material interaction, finer particle size higher flowability less shrinkage throughout optical maser Sintering [40].
The first substrate unleashes mechanism, an impact cluster, examined the adhesion strength of commercially pure atomic number 13 written on a commercially pure aluminum improvement of no extra coating steps or press [43].
A large number of parameters govern the three-dimensional laser cladding process.

The term glass is considered by most scientists to be all amorphous or non-crystalline solid due to deficiency of grain boundaries exist in the glass that display glass transition or transformation performance regardless of their preparation technique.
Table 1 The glass composition of (55-x) H3BO3-45ZnO-xY2O3 based on their mol% Sample Number Composition (mol%) H3BO3 ZnO Y2O3 S1 55.0 45 0.0 S2 54.5 45 0.5 S3 54.0 45 1.0 S4 53.5 45 1.5 S5 53.0 45 2.0 S6 52.5 45 2.5 Sample Characterization The density of the glass samples was measured at room temperature using toluene as an immersion liquid by Archimedes’ principle and using the following equation: (1) where is the density of the sample, is the density of toluene at room temperature (867kg.m-3), a is the weight of the sample in the air and b is the weight of the sample in the toluene.
In addition, the oxygen packing density was determined by using the equation: (3) where C is the number of oxygen per formula unit, M is the molecular weight and is the density of the sample.
The declination in number of oxygen atoms per unit composition in glass samples may be due to the declination in rigidity, fewer cross linked network [14] which resulted in the increasing number of non-bridging oxygen due to the structure of glass has been further expanded and has becomes loosely packed [16].
Table 2 Physical parameter of the glass sample Sample number Glass composition (mol%) Density (g.cm-3) Molar volume (cm3.mol-1) Oxygen Packing Density (g.atom.L-1) H3BO3 ZnO Y2O3 1 55 45 0 3.433 20.572 102.074 2 54.5 45 0.5 3.429 20.838 100.79 3 54.0 45 1.0 3.449 20.954 100.22 4 53.5 45 1.5 3.459 21.129 99.39 5 53.0 45 2.0 3.470 21.297 98.60 6 52.5 45 2.5 3.478 21.484 97.74 Figure 1 Density and molar volume of the glasses containing different compositions of Y2O3 Figure 2 Oxygen Packing Density of the glasses containing different compositions of Y2O3 Mechanical properties From the Table 3 and Figure 3, the micro hardness values of the glass show a linear behavior as the values decreased from 518.80 N.mm-2 to 453.13 N.mm-2 with the increasing of the Y2O3 content from 0.0mol% to 2.5mol%.

There are a number of types of materials that have been (and will be) used for thermal protection of space vehicles.
The number and layout of sensors will be influenced by the specific acoustic properties of different TPS materials.
This topology provides a level of protection against the loss of very large numbers of sensors in the event of fibre breakage.
High purity single crystal alumina (sapphire) is effectively transparent in the near IR region, so the main absorption mechanisms are likely to result from scattering by grain boundaries within the fibres, by the porous microstructure and possibly by impurities.
Figure 7: The measured attenuation through increasing numbers of switch/connector pairs in the network.

The superposition principle, the first assumption of the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach, involves addition of the respective stress intensity factor (SIF) for the applied stresses, so that the total stress intensity factor Ktot = Kapply + Kres and the values of K at the peak and valley of the stress cycles are: max max min min tot apply res tot apply res K K K K K K − − − − = + = + (1) The stress intensity factor, Kres, due to the residual stress field is usually obtained using a linear elastic weight function which is actually a versatile method of determining stress intensity factors for many situations and is especially suited where, for a given geometry, a large number of stress intensity factor solutions for complex loading are desired.
:SW 12 Experiment Crack length from hole edge, c / mm Number of cycles, N / cycle Rlo = 0 − 0.3 AFGROW Figure 1 (a) Definitions of effective SIF range, ∆Keff ff according to mean stress or crack closure approach.
There are a number of possible reasons for this discrepancy between observed and predicted crack growth from cold expanded holes.
In summary, there is clear evidence from a number of studies that significant relaxation of the residual hoop stress occurs as a result of fatigue crack growth at cold expanded holes and this must be taken account of if accurate damage tolerant predictions are to be made.
Unlike mechanical fastening, welding leads to: • Single load path construction • Changed grain structure and strength near the fusion and Heat Affected Zones (HAZ) • Formation of new sources of initiating defect not present in the wrought alloy • Creation of local and global residual stress fields.

A number of semi-empirical equations [40] are proposed to account for the temperature dependent dielectric behaviour.
The defects depend on either intrinsic or extrinsic heterogeneities due to special heat treatments, ionic substitutions, grain size, additives, and grain boundary nature [48].
Thus, apart from the external electric field and the fields locally generated by polarization mismatch at grain boundaries, relaxors contain sources of local electric fields within the individual grains.
We have recently synthesized a number of niobates in the pure phase with high density by optimizing the process parameters [192].
The above equation describes the high temperature (T > Tm) dielectric permittivity quite well in a number of relaxor ferroelectrics.

The Debye-Waller factor (DWF) of CuO nanoparticles was determined using Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern and the Wilson’s plot, and the results were discussed on the basis of the number of surface atoms and thermal vibrations.
The grain size is generally determined from XRD picture by using Scherrer equation, (1) where β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peaks in radians.
Determination of the Debye-Waller factor When the dimensions of the bulk material reach nano scale, their properties are (particle) size dependent as the surface atoms dominate whose number is also size dependent.

China government neither allows cultivating biomass energy plants in crop lands, nor translating crop grains into bio-fuels.
Calculation of salt injure rate Salt injury rate=Plant number of salt-induced injury symptoms/total plant number×100% Measurement of Pn, Fv/Fm The determination of Pn is dependent on the Li-6400 photosynthetic cryoscope.
Calculation of STn (ST, selective transport) Values of STn(Na+/K+) and STn(Na+/Ca2+) were estimated following the equation of Wang and Zhu [11] with some modification: STn(A/B, Na+/K+) = (Na+/K+ in part A)/(Na+/K+ in part B) STn(A/B, Na+/Ca2+) = (Na+/Ca2+ in part A)/(Na+/Ca2+ in part B) Where n stands for the number of ST in the joints between segments along the part of transport, n = 1, 2, 3….
Leaf number and total leaf area of Jitianza 2 were significantly higher than those in Lvneng 1, which led to higher photosynthesis and biomass accumulation.
Table 1 Comparison of two sweet sorghum varieties in field Parameters Jitianza 2 Lvneng 1 Emergence rate (%) 75.34±5.26a 36.67±3.35b Plant height (cm) 3.98±0.13a 2.68±0.12b Stem width (cm) 2.25±0.17a 1.75±0.14b Number of leaf blade (slice) 17.3±0.67a 13.2±0.34b Total leaf area (m2) 0.66±0.02a 0.31±0.01b Stem stalk Yield (kg/hm2) 73815±57a 30450±40b Ear Yield (kg/hm2) 5760±28a 3390±13b Juice yield (%) 55.12±2.78a 38.78±3.23b Stalk Brix (%) 19.6±0.42a 16.3±0.34b Sugar content (%) 16.66±0.33a 13.86±0.27b Note: Different letter on the right of data indicated significant difference between Jitianza 2 and Lvneng 1 at P < 0.05 level, and data are the means of 20 replicates.

Impurities of calcium aluminosilicates in natural sands during firing form a sintering liquid phase, which makes it possible to obtain fine-grained granules.
Firing was carried out at 1190 ºС, since at a lower temperature the material was obtained unburned with a large number of cakes.
During the sintering and further cooling of the raw proppant, magnesium metasilicate and free silica undergo a number of polymorphic transformations.
As a result, the phase composition of the fired proppant is represented by magnesium metasilicate in the form of protoenstatite and clinoenstatite, and, to a lesser extent, quartz, cristobalite and a number of ferruginous compounds.
The use of this type of proppant has a number of limitations associated with side chemical reactions of the coating with the fracturing fluid.

Similarly, the atomic number ratio of Fe to Ni in the diffusion dissolution layer II is about 6.25, which is close to 0.7/0.11, thus the possible phase of the diffusion dissolution layer II is Cr0.19Fe0.7Ni0.11 solid solution.
As the temperature increases, the number of activated molecules increases and the kinetic energy increases.
At the same time, the grain of the welded area has a tendency to grow significantly, and the structure gradually enlarged.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (Project Number 201810615045), the Southwest University of Petroleum University Extracurricular Open Experiment Project (Project Number KSZ17133) and Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Field Materials of Sichuan Higher Education Institutions (Project Number X151518KCL01).