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Typical example was La3Ni2O7 + δ (code: LNO2), known as Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) double-layer structure[7] that offering high electric conductivity (σe), good ionic conductivity (σi) and formation of triple phase boundary (TPB), thus suitable for cathode in the SOFCs [8].
For taking the advantage of porous RP LNO2 layered structure to offer paths for carrier conducting and supplies porosity for air passing and that of high reactivity of BSCF to undergo catalytic ORR, we attempted to construct a cathode in a frame of LNO2 on which BSCF coating was homogenously distributed.
Cheng, Investigation of structural and electrochemical properties of LaSrCo1− xSbxO4 (0≤ x≤ 0.20) as potential cathode materials in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 247 (2017) 24-30
Lu, High-performanced cathode with a two-layered R–P structure for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, ACS Appl.
Su, Layer-structured LiNi0. 8Co0. 2O2: A new triple (H+/O2−/e−) conducting cathode for low temperature proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 306 (2016) 369-377

Synthesis of Lignin-Modified Sulfanilate-Phenol-Formaldehyde Condensate and Application as Concrete Superplasticizer Yuxia Panga, Weineng Wenb, Hongming Louc, Xinping Ouyangd and Xueqing Qiue School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China aceyxpang@scut.edu.cn, b247184923@qq.com, ccehmlou@scut.edu.cn, dceouyang@scut.edu.cn, ecexqqiu@scut.edu.cn Keywords: Lignin, Superplasticizer, Dispersion, Bleeding, Workability.
Referential experience is that, lignin, which is the most abundant organic polymer in the plant world and is a polyphenolic material arising from the copolymerization of three phenylpropanoid monomers[5], had been successfully used to replace phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resin preparation[6] profiting from its similar structure to phenol.
Since lignin acts as binding agent for fibrous plant component and has highly cross-linked structure with large quantity of hydrophilic hydroxyl group, we can expect that the binding property and water remaining capacity of lignin will help to improve the water retention of SPF and reduce the water-bleeding of concrete, which will promote the practical application of aminosulfonate-based superplasticizer in the end.
Synthesis of MSPF Because of the varying complex chemical and physical structure of soda lignin, its reactivity is weak and must be improved for the first step in order to incorporate into SPF.
It is possibly because long-time phenolization partly breaks the polymer structure of lignin due to phenolysis, which decreases the molecular weight of product and then affects the dispersive property.

Kodentsov and F.J.J. van Loo Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O.
The diffusion zone morphology evolved during chemical interaction between metal and ceramics is defined by type, structure, number, shape and topological arrangement of phases.
The common feature of the observed self-assembled structures is that the periodic layer pattern is generated inside the reaction zone during a diffusion controlled interaction and contains bands of in situ-formed precipitates of one reaction product embedded in a continuous matrix phase (another reaction product).
The band spacing and band thickness within the modulated structure, on the other hand, may differ significantly, depending upon the material system and experimental conditions used.
However, the emergence of the periodic layered structures in a reaction zone is still difficult to predict a priori, but based on the phase relations and knowledge of the relative mobilities, one can make an educated guess.

Low Temperature Preparation of PbS Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition and the Photovoltaic Performance in Heterojunction Solar Cells Zhengguo Zhanga*, Xin Gaob and Fei Hanc School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China azhangzhengguo1119@126.com, bsisagao@163.com, chanfei@nun.edu.cn Keywords: PbS, thin film; temperature; chemical bath deposition, solar cell Abstract.
The structure of the films was analyzed using an X-ray diffract meter (XRD: Max-2500, Rigaku) under Cu-Ka radiation with λ=1.5406 Å.
In the measurements of Valence band (VB) structure and Secondary electron cutoff, an excitation of 169.1 eV was utilized in this experiment.
In the measurements of valence band (VB) structure and secondary electron cutoff, an excitation of 169.1 eV was utilized.
The results was well matched with the structure of PbS/TiO2 solar cells, which demonstrated the important effect of the deposition temperature on the band gaps of the PbS thin films.

CFRP/titanium hybrid material for improving composite bolted joints, Composite Structures, 2008, 83:368-80 [4] Lee CK.
Structure, electrochemical, wear-corrosion properties of electroless nickel–phosphorus deposition on CFRP composites, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 114:125-33 [5] Zitoune R, V Krishnaraj, Almabouacif BS, Collombet F, Sima M, Jolin A.
Critical thrust force at delamination propagation during drilling of angle-ply laminates, 2005, Composite Structures 68:391-7 [14] Tsao CC.
Characterization of friction properties at the workmaterial/cutting tool interface during the machining of randomly structured carbon fibres reinforced polymer with carbide tools under dry conditions, Tribology International, 2011, 44:2050-2058

Ivanov 1, 3, a 1 Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, Leninskie gory - 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia 2 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble, 38043, France 3 Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse - IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, Mulhouse, 68057, France 4 Institut Franco–Allemand de Recherches de Saint-Louis, Laboratoire des Nanomatériaux pour les Systèmes sous Sollicitations Extrêmes, ISL/CNRS/Unistra, UMR 3208, 5 Rue du Général Cassagnou, Saint-Louis, 68301, France 5 Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia 6 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium † Martin Rosenthal and Alexey P.
Such a combination will be very useful for example to address simultaneously the thermodynamics and local-scale structure of semicrystalline polymers.
In the present paper, we describe the first application of a combined nanocalorimetry / nanofocus X-ray diffraction accessory for studies of structure formation processes in semicrystalline polymers using typical aromatic polyester, poly (trimethylene terephthalate).
The setup has been applied to studies of the structure formation and melting in a typical aromatic polyester, poly(trimethylene terephthalate).
In particular, it is found that at the annealing temperature higher than the previous crystallization temperature the micro-structure of the polymer starts to exhibit a streak-like small-angle X-ray scattering pattern, which means that the long-range order in the crystal stacks is lost due to the setting on of the melting process.

From the Fig. 1, we can see that bundles structure of large-area micrometer-sized nanowire could be observed on the surface of the samples from 20 ˚C to 30 ˚C.
When the temperature was changed from 60 ˚C to 70 ˚C, the surface morphology was similar to porous structures.
The surface morphology gradually became a porous structure.
"Controlled growth and structures of molecular-scale silicon nanowires," Nano Letters vol. 4, pp. 433-436, 2004
"Temperature-controlled growth of silicon-based nanostructures by thermal evaporation of SiO powders," Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol. 105, pp. 2507-2514, 2001

Introduction Hexagonal ferrites with M-type crystal structure are widely used for the manufacture of the various devices in the radio electronic and electrical industries [1-4].
Soft mechanochemical synthesis was used to produce nanopowders of oxide ferrimagnets with a cubic crystal structure in [12].
The Research Techniques The X-ray phase and structure analysis of the obtained samples was carried out using a RIGAKU ULTIMA 4 powder diffractometer (CuKα radiation).
In these articles it is established that at room temperature for Ba-M structure with D6h symmetry one can expect 42 active Raman modes (11А1g+14E1g+17E2g) and 30 active infrared modes (13A2u+17E1u).
Vincent, Raman Spectra and Vibrational Analysis of BaFe12O19 Hexagonal Ferrite, Journal of Solid State Chemistry 137 (1998) 127-137

The thermal expansion of the prepared CdSe QDs was investigated by in situ X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) with the temperature from room temperature to 700oC as well.
Moller et al. have studied the structure of CdSe cluster in zeolite Y using extend X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) technique and Rietveld refinement analysis.
Besides, in order to characterize the thermal expansion of the CdSe quantum dots, in situ EXAFS technique was used to probe the local atomic structures of CdSe quantum dots.
Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2007, (87th Edition), , Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.

Photoelectrochemical Characterizations of CuInS2 and Cu(In,Ga)S2 Thin Films Fabricated by A Spray Pyrolysis Method Shigeru Ikeda1, a, Midori Nonogaki1, Wilman Septina1, Gunawan Gunawan1, Takashi Harada1, and Michio Matsumura1 1Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan asikeda@chem.es.osaka-u.ac.jp Keywords: Photoelectrochemical properties, Cu chalcopyrite, Spray pyrolysis, Solar Cell Abstract.
Crystal structure of films were analyzed by X‒ray diffraction (XRD) using a Rigaku MiniFlex X‒ray diffractometer (CuKα, Ni filter).
CIS600 and Ga:CIS600 films were processed to complete with an Al:ZnO/CdS/CIS600(or Ga:CIS600)/Mo/glass structure.
The Ga:CIS600 film also showed the same diffraction pattern assigned to the chalcopyrite structure, whereas each peak was slightly shifted to higher 2θ degree than that of CuInS2 (Fig. 1c).
Table 1 summarizes solar cell parameters with a device structure of Al:ZnO/CdS/CIS600(Ga:CIS600)/Mo/glass.