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Introduction Nanotechnology is the study, construction, and use of functional structures designed from the molecular scale that at least have one characteristic dimension measured in nanometers.
It is used in a variety of applications that impact many fields by manipulating its structures, greatly influencing the performance of the materials.
PSf/HNT 5% membrane displayed a very porous structure as seen in Fig. 4a.
Since HNT possesses a tubular structure and contains enormous pores, it is possible that the PSf molecules have loaded into the lumen of the HNT, resulting in the pore-forming quality of the membrane.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112: 15742-15751. doi:10.1021/jp805657t

Introduction Mg-based alloys as metal structure materials and hydrogen storage materials have been attracting considerable attention recently due to their good performances [1,2].
Compared with cast structure, the second phases were dissolved basically except for spheric particle Mg2Sn phase dispersed in the grain and the grain boundary.
Similar to cast structure, particle phase increase gradually with the content of Sn increasing.
On the other hand, Sn can influence the surface structure, insulate oxide films and corrosion products layer of Mg alloys anode.
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 9 (2005), p.259 [4] F G Meng, J Wang, M H Rong, et al.

Janzén1 1 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Linköping University of Technology, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden 2 Nanomaterials Processing Laboratory, Dublin City University, Ireland ajawul@ifm.liu.se Keywords: on-axis epitaxy, basal plane dislocations, high growth rate, graphene, growth mechanism Abstract.
The detailed surface step structure and surface roughness was measured using Dimension 3100 atomic force microscope (AFM) with tapping mode.
Extensive in-situ etching studies have been conducted to understand the effect of different ambient conditions on the removal of substrate sub-surface damage and patterning of the step structure [6] on the surface.
A comparison of Si-face samples after etching under different ambient conditions (Fig. 2a-c), shows that Si-rich conditions results in more linear, continuous and periodic step structure on the surface.
In-situ etching under Si-rich conditions results in more uniform and homogeneous step structure with lower surface roughness.

This approach had the advantages of doing no harm to structures of samples, features high sensibility, and high selectivity and information content [5].
The peak a was determined by structure of aromatic ring amino acid of DOM in the leachate.
According to Swietlik et al [14,15,16], the blue shift indicated the transformations of functional group quantity and structures caused by oxidization, e.g. reduction of aromatic ring and conjugated group, disappearance of carbonyl, hydroxyl and amido, and decomposition of condensed aromatics to small molecules etc.
The structures and functional groups of HA and FA in leachate changed remarkably and the fluorescence peak types of the two components and the relevant intensities decreased after treatment.
Marine Chemistry, Vol. 51(1996), p. 325-346 [15] Joanna Świetlik and Ewa Sikorska.

These techniques have also been employed to elucidate the molecular structure and the nature of intermolecular interactions in such materials.
The difference in the behaviour of slow-cooled and quenched samples of EBBA towards the temperature dependence of �3 is perhaps because of the special molecular structure of this compound.
The observation of collective modes almost at the same frequencies for the two compounds perhaps indicates that the molecular structure rather than the molecular weight plays more dominant role in controlling the nature of long range order of the liquid and hence the collective motion of the molecule.
Thus due to the different structures, the collective modes in EBBA may arise at different characteristic frequencies as compared with those of K21 and K30.
Jain, Structural Chemistry, 7(3), 215 (1996) [3] M.Sharma, K.Chandramani Singh and P.C.

A portion of the alum samples was calcined and the crystalline structure was determined by X-ray Diffractogram (XRD) in a θ-2θ mode with CuKa 1 (AXS Bruker, λ=1.54056Ả) while the BET surface area and pore size were determined by Micromeritics surface area analyzer (Micromeritics, Tristar 3000).
This is attributable to the high presence of iron (Fe3+) in the kaolinite structure which is compensated for by the reduced alumina, hence its notable brownish color (Table 2 and equation 2 referred).
Murray, The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life, Free Press. 1994
Williams, Aluminum Oxide” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002
Paglia, Determination of the structure of γ-Alumina using Empirical and First Principles Calculations Combined with Supporting Experiments, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, 2004, Retrieved 2011-05-05.

Introduction China began to apply cathodic protection technology since 1958, and now, almost all of the oil and gas pipelines, storage tanks, offshore structures are applied cathodic protection[1].
And thus they are widely used in the protection of steel structures and marine facilities in ocean environment[2,3,4].
Microstructure Observation. (1) metallographic structure observation Pick two samples to do metallographic test.
The structure of aluminum anode alloy is consist of the gray matrix, black meshy organizations and black particles.
Saidman: Materials Chemistry and Physics, (2012), p.103

Polymer modified concrete has higher strength, lower water permeability, better resistance to chemicals, and greater freeze-thaw stability than conventional concrete, due to influence of polymer on the material structures, cement hydration, porosity, and unit water content, and to the chemical and physical interactions [11].
In recent years, using polymers in concrete was widely used due to rapidly deterioration of reinforced concrete especially in Bridge or Marine structure due to exposing to the aggressive environments.
So we can consider it as a factor of improving the workability specially in hot weather which causing rabid evaporate the water from the mix leading to cracking and weakly physical structure for concrete at early time.
Fifth International Symposium on the chemistry o cement (1968).
Mehta ;" concrete Manual: Structure, properties, and Materials."

Introduction TbDyFe giant magnetostrictive alloys, known as an important smart material, have been widely used in various smart structures.
A Regaku D/max 2200 pc x-ray diffractmeter with Cu Kα radiation was used to determine the phase structures of powder samples and axis preferred orientation of the grain-aligned rods.
It can be seen that both two systems exhibit an MgCu2-type cubic Laves-phase structure.
According to the well-known Matthiessen's rule [20], the increase of the electrical resistivity contributes mainly from the enhancement of electron-phonon scattering effects and the variation of electronic structure with the addition of Si [18].
Zuckerman, in Handbook on Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Amsterdam, Chap. 42, (1982), p.117 [21] L.

These properties, in turn, depend directly on the pigment's crystalline structure, on its physical (particle shape, distribution, and degree of agglomeration) and chemical characteristics (purity and stability of the composition).
The control of these properties is closely dependent on obtaining nanometric scale particle sizes, i.e., obtaining molecular structures at the atomic level.
Moreover, using the non-conventional method of combustion reaction results in the synthesis of highly pure, chemically homogeneous powders, which usually generate products with the desired structures and composition due to the high homogeneity aided by the solubility of the salts in water, allowing .
The resulting powdered pigments, which had porous flake structures with colors varying from light green to dark green, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (Kristaloflex D5000, Cukα with a Ni filter, and scanning rate of 2 o C /min, in a range of 10-75 o ).
Pellacani: Synthesis and Methodologies in Inorganic Chemistry, New Compounds and Materiais, S.