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This can lead to changes in the glass structure, thermal stability, and luminescence properties, and such studies can provide valuable insights into the optimization of rare earth-doped glasses [14].
It can be attributed to the fact that Thulium ions are heavy ions and can act as network modifiers in the glass structure [22].
A higher value of Kg indicates a better glass-forming ability, which means that the glass can be more easily formed into a homogeneous, amorphous structure [33,34].
Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry (2005)
Ibrahim, D. de Ligny, Thermal and optical properties of binary magnesium tellurite glasses and their link to the glass structure,  J.

Introducing post annealing shows significant changes from an amorphous structure to a polycrystalline structure of the ITO thin films.
For the ITO thin films annealed at > 400 °C, the observed diffraction peaks of (2 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (4 3 1), (4 4 0) and (6 2 2) orientations confirm the cubic bixbyite In2O3 structure of the ITO thin films with predominant of (2 2 2) peak.
Poeppelmeier, "Direct optical band gap measurement in polycrystalline semiconductors: A critical look at the Tauc method," Journal of solid state chemistry, vol. 240, pp. 43-48, 2016
Bagheri-Mohagheghi, "Effect of post-annealing temperature on nano-structure and energy band gap of indium tin oxide (ITO) nano-particles synthesized by polymerizing–complexing sol–gel method," Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 43, pp. 452-457, 2010

Results and Discussion According to data obtained from petrographical examination, the aggregate structure is characteristic of different content of glassy phase in the igneous rocks.
For the slag alkaline concretes, when using a neutral slag, the decrease in a value of linear deformations below 0.1 % may be attributed to the fact that this slag contains in its chemical composition the increased content of aluminium oxide, as compared with the basic one, in the presence of which the alkali is bound to form the insoluble zeolite-like products which are known to be the structure- forming elements [5, 7, and 10].
Ismagilov, Use of a highly dispersed chalk additive for the production of concrete for transport structures.
Bleszynski, The effects of fly ash composition on the chemistry of pore solution in hydrated cement pastes.
Materials and Structures, 48 (3) (2015) 743–751

The rapid cooling involved (average cooling rate of 1500 o C/s) raises the possibility of metastable phase selection during solidification, supersaturation of solutes, refined solidification structures and inclusion size.
Through a combination of the two techniques (Figure 2) we are seeking to replicate strip casting solidification structure more closely, by completely melting the steel sample, thus introducing a nucleation requirement.
Analysis was also conducted on cross-sections to 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4 Test5 Test13 Test14 Test15 Heat Flux (MW/m2 ) Maximum Heat Flux Total Heat Flux over 0.15s Peritectic Steel Low Carbon Peritectic Steel Low Carbon steel FAD coated substrate Electrolytic coated substrate compare contact angles and the dendritic solidification structure to assess wettability on the coated substrates and solidification rates.
Circular flat featureless regions distinguish the nucleation points in these images, often associated with an inclusion, surrounded by a radial dendritic structure.
Wotjas, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 81, (2003), 486-489

Pan et al. developed a thermodynamic database based on Fe-Cr-Mo-Ni-B system [29] where Cr2B and Fe2B-Mo2B were considered with an orthorhombic and tetragonal structure respectively.
The borides Fe2B and Cr2B have been described as a two-sublattice phase (Fe,Cr)0.666(B)0.333 and treated as a tetragonal boride M2B since Fe2B and Cr2B have identical crystal structure.
As illustrated in Figure 3 the electron diffraction patterns obtained under the TEM from the Cr-containing and Mo-containing borides located in the intergranular phase indicate that effectively they are of the M2B type and have a crystallographic structure that belongs to the tetragonal system with lattice parameters in nm given by a = 5.617, c = 4.18 and a = 5.674, c = 4.11 respectively.
Thermodynamic calculations, carried out using the ThermoCalc software, introducing adequate modifications to the data base to allow consideration of the crystalline structure of the borides as a tetragonal phase led to accurate predictions of, both, isothermal sections of the ternary Fe-Cr-B phase diagram and the temperature for the eutectic reaction.
Narasimhan, Materials Chemistry and Physics 67, 56 (2001)

Architectural structure adhesive has two groups produced by Shenyang institute of architects .The rate of two groups’ dosage is 4:1.
The SIC method assumes that the decline of tensile strength of fiber in long-term damp environment is caused by the decline of the strength of fiber corroded by chemistry.
In order to research the microscopic structure of mortar improved by basalt fiber and the dispersed condition of fiber in cement-based materials.
Analyse the microscopic structure of basalt fiber in mortar by scanning electronic microscopy.
(a)distribute of basalt fiber (b)fiber is extracted from cement-based materials (c) fiber is extracted from cement-based materials (d)two parts of cement-based materials are connected by fiber Fig. 3The shape of microscopic structure of basalt fiber in the mortar Figure 3(a) and 3(b) show that the dispersity of basalt fiber in the mortar is good.

Results and Discussion Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the proposed model showing the structure of the W/O microemulsion polymerization.
The morphology of polythiophene nanoparticles obtained by W/O microemulsion phase as a template has been characterized using Transmission electron microscopy and FTIR studies, Such a nanostructure is formed due to the structure of W/O microemulsion phase, which consists of a homogeneous phase of water droplets uniformly dispersed in a continuous oil phase.
The procedures for the synthesis of Polypyrrole nanoparticles structure were illustrated in Fig.1.
This may be due to the possible amply electron supplement provided by azacyclo-structure in the polythiophene.
Fendler: Membrane Mimetic Chemistry (Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York 1982)

F1 of surface water had obvious blue shift (shorter Ex) compared with secondary effluent, which may be related to the relatively less aromatic substances and weak π-electronic structure in surface water [10].
Aromaticity and benzene ring structure are reduced after coagulation, resulting in increased FI.
Organic matter emitting fluorescence in specific wavelengths is mainly due to the existence of aromatic structure or double bond, carbonyl, carboxyl and other conjugated systems.
This may be due to natural water contains large percentage of humus, containing aromatic and unsaturated structures [1], while protein content is much less and insufficient to reflect organic concentration.
Durako, et al: Marine Chemistry Vol. 118 (2010), p. 22

Preparation, Characterization and phototoxicity of Photosan-loaded hollow Silica Nanospheres for Photodynamic therapy Xiaofeng Deng1,a, Yu Wen2,b, Liangwu Lin3,c, Li Xiong**4,d, Xiongying Miao**5,e 1,2,4,5Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China 3Department of Chemistry, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China ** Co-corresponding author: Li Xiong, lixionghn@163.com; XiongYing Miao, 13787782059@163.com Keywords: photosensitizer, nanospheres, photodynamic therapy, cholangiocarcinoma, phototoxicity Abstract.
Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 99.99%), Polyacrylic acid (PAA, M.W=3000), Sodium polyacrylate (PAAS, M.W=45000), were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co.Ltd (Shanghai).
The porous structure of silica nanoparticles cannot only act as a suitable carrier for hydrophobic photosensitizers, but also allow the oxygen and generated singlet oxygen permeability that is essential for PDT therapy [12, 26].

General characteristics of dyes Dye Alizarin Cyanine Green Acid Orange 7 Chemical Structure Chemical Formula C28H20N2Na2O8S2 C16 H11 N2 NaO4 S Molecular Weight 622.58 gm/mol 350.32 gm/mol C.I. number 61570 15510 λmax 610 nm 484 nm Fig. 1.
Current Chemistry Letters, 2(2), 57-68
Food chemistry, 93(1), 47-56