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Also, it has been reported that the threshold stress intensity factor for short fatigue cracks in structures subject to mixed loading modes is lower than for structures subject to simple loading mode conditions [27, 28].
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.38 8.25 8.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30o 0o 45o 90o 3.73 6.05 6.49 0.60 0.51 -0.44 0.00 1.67 1.80 3.73 6.05 6.49 1.14 0.76 -0.66 0.00 1.47 1.57 5.54 6.19 6.39 1.39 0.82 -0.71 0.00 1.20 1.28 45o 0o 45o 90o 2.49 4.03 4.33 0.69 0.59 -0.51 0.00 1.93 2.07 2.49 4.03 4.33 1.31 0.87 -0.76 0.00 1.69 1.81 3.69 4.13 4.26 1.60 0.95 -0.82 0.00 1.39 1.47 60o 0o 45o 90o 1.24 2.02 2.16 0.60 0.51 -0.44 0.00 1.67 1.80 1.65 2.09 2.2 1.14 0.76 -0.66 0.00 1.47 1.57 1.85 2.06 2.13 1.39 0.82 -0.71 0.00 1.20 1.28 75o 0o 45o 90o 0.33 0.54 0.58 0.34 0.29 -0.26 0.00 0.97 1.04 0.44 0.56 0.59 0.66 0.44 -0.38 0.00 0.85 0.90 0.49 0.55 0.57 0.80 0.47 -0.41 0.00 0.67 0.74 In order to define the conditions for the initiation of fatigue cracks on structures
Hoeppner, "Corrosion fatigue considerations in materials selections and engineering design", Corrosion Fatigue: Chemistry, Mechanics and Microstructure, NACE, 1972, pp. 311

After the coconut husks were pyrolyzed and transformed into ash, it was prepared for characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to analyze the physical, morphological structure, and elemental analysis of the ash, as well as to determine whether it is amorphous or crystalline in form.
Furthermore, FTIR of CHA and FA alone revealed the same stretching band where the shift in perforation of Al 4+ atoms into the original arrangement of Si-O-Si skeletal structure (i.e., similar to zeolite structure).
Ferro, “Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS),” Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, vol. 75, no.

Composite structures, 2005. 67(1): p. 115-124
Lau, Correlation of mechanical performance and morphological structures of epoxy micro/nanoparticulate composites.
Zolotoyabko, Atomic structure of biogenic aragonite.
Chemistry of materials, 2007. 19(13): p. 3244-3251

In the vapour state, these alkalis can easily enter refractory linings through the pore structure to chemically interact with the base materials.
The rate of chemical attack is affected by temperature, furnace atmosphere, furnace housekeeping and composition and structure of the refractory lining.
This leads to rapid contraction/expansion of the surface of the furnace lining, microcracking the structure and ultimately leading to lining failure.
This knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the existing material technologies was then used as the basis for a series of reformulations to find the optimum balance of bond and aggregate chemistry and product granulometry that produced the maximum improvement in alkali and thermal shock performance without negatively affecting other important properties.

The initial composition of the solution was calculated based on the total valence of the oxidizing and reducers reagents, using concepts of the propellants and explosives chemistry [10, 11].
It was observed only the presence of the main peaks characteristic of the inverse spinel structure, as evidenced by the appearance of the main peak 2θ = 35.5°, according to crystallographic card JCPDF 52-0278.
It was observed that the nanoferrite presented profile structure of the isotherm adsorption curve, which according to the classification (IUPAC, 1976) fits the V-type, suggesting a mesoporous characteristic of the materials (pore with radius ranging from 10 to 250 Å) .
Thus, nanoferrites with spinel structure type are materials potentially promising to catalyze chemical reactions to produce biodiesel.

Photodegradation of Phenol over Flame-made Sn-doped ZnO Nanoparticles Khatcharin Wetchakun1,a, Natda Wetchakun2,b, Burapat Inceesungvorn3,c and Sukon Phanichphant4,d 1Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 4Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand akwetcha@gmail.com, bnatda_we@yahoo.com, cu4305021@hotmail.com, d,*sphanichphant@yahoo.com (corresponding author) Keywords: Flame spray pyrolysis, phenol, photodegradation, Sn-doped ZnO.
Results and Discussions Catalyst characterizations The XRD results of undoped ZnO and Sn-doped ZnO (Fig. 1 SI) indicated the formation of the wurtzite structure corresponding to JCPDS file no. 89-0510.
Upon doping Sn in ZnO structure via the FSP process, Sn ions could easily substitute into the Zn2+ site due to the similarity in their ionic radii [20].
XRD results indicated that the undoped and Sn-doped ZnO samples only appeared in the wurtzite structure and no other crystalline form was found.

As show in the Fig. 1, it is the sketch of testing temperature cutter with embedded structure.
Sketch of testing temperature cutter with embedded structure Theoretical Analysis of Seebeck Coefficient Thermocouple is an device that can change temperature into voltage, this progress is rely on thermoelectric effect.
Our future work will focus on developing thin film thermocouple sensors with the excellent performance, optimizing the testing temperature cutter structure and extending the service life.
Beijing: Chemistry Industry Press, 2003 (in Chinese)

To study the performance of the fuels, different methods to predict physicochemical properties of compounds and mixtures from the properties and structure of their constituents were proposed.
Influence of compound structure and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components, Fuel 84, (2005), pp.1050-1065 [5] Tesfa, B., Mishra, R., Gu, F., Powles, N.: Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines, Renewable Energy 35, (2010), pp. 2752-2760
[7] Blangino, E., Riveros, A., Romano,S.: Numerical expressions for viscosity, surface tension and density of biodiesel: analysis and experimental validation, Physics and Chemistry of Liquids vol.46 (2008) pp.527-547 [8]  Feitosa, F., Rodrigues, M., Veloso, C., Cavalcante, C., Albuquerque, M., de Sant’Ana, H.: Viscosities and densities of binary mixtures of coconut + colsa and coconut + soyabean biodiesel at varios temperatures, J.
[18]  Knothe, G.: Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters, Fuel Processing Technology 86 (2005)  pp.1059–1070

Results and discussion Determination of degree of denaturization and concentration of egg white Structure and constitutes of protein affected the degree of hydrolysis (DH) very much.
There was compact protein structure in fresh egg white.
So it is essential to make the protein structure easy to hydrolyse and the inhibitor inactive.
Sunflower Protein Hydrolysates for Dietary Treatment of Patients with Liver Failure.Journal American Oil Chemistry Society.77, 2 (2000) 121-126

Melo Costa1,f, Lucianna Gama1,g 1Department of Materials Engineering - UFCG, Avenue Aprígio Veloso - 882, Bodocongó, 58109-970, Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. 2Institute of Chemistry - UFBA, Ondina, 40170-290, Salvador – BA, Brazil.
Introduction Nickel aluminates (NiAl2O4) are oxides with typical partially inverted spinel structure [1], show high thermal stability and chemical inertia and well known applications as high temperature materials [2], catalysts, catalytic supports, optical material and also as a host lattice in the production of pigments [3,4].
Among the various methods of synthesis, combustion reaction has proved to be effective in the production of powders with nanosized particles, high surface area and high degree of purity in most monophasic systems, with desired structures and compositions, favored by the solubility of salts in water.
The effect of excess fuel on the structure and morphology of the produced powders and their catalytic properties were investigated thereafter.