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The lattice parameter of NiO nanoparticles calculated from XRD data is 4.17Å, which is in good agreement with the reported data [15-17].The average crystallite size of NiO nanoparticles is calculated by X-ray diffraction line broadening using Scherrer’s formula [17,13]: t =k λ/β2θcosθ (1) where t represents grain size, k=0.9 is Scherrer’s constant related to the spherical shape, λ represents wavelength of X-ray (Cu Kα, 1.5418Å), θ is the diffraction angle of the peak, β2θ represents full width at half maximum of the peak (in radian).
We determined the energy band gap of NiO nanoparticles using well known Tauc relation [21] (αhν)n = A (hν–Eg) (3) where α is absorption coefficient, hν is photon energy, A is absorbance, Eg is optical band gap, n is the number characterizing the nature of the transition process; n = 2 for the direct transition and n = 1/2 for indirect transition.

In these systems, there are numbers of invariable reactions.
Mohri, Microstructural control of Nb-Si alloy for large Nb grain formation through eutectic and eutectoid reactions, Intermetallics. 15(2007) 783-790

The resulting hardness number is expressed by HRF with a steel ball indenter with a diameter of 1/16” with a main load of 60 kgf.
This is supported by the theory put forward by Grathwohl and Warren where the hardness will increase along with the presence of intermetallic compounds and the smaller the grain size [14].

A number of studies have successfully been carried out to cover the defect properties of traditional reinforced concrete using fiber reinforced as reported by [1, 2 and 3].
Furthermore, the tensile strength of FAHSC was higher than that of the normal HSC; whereas, the grain and whole refinement of concretes resulted from the very high fineness of the particles and the FA reaction of the ashes.

Hot cracking can be explained by presence of low-melting grain boundary eutectics and sufficient critical stresses [5].
From the radiographs of the ‘worst-case’ welds in Fig. 6 it can be seen, that all alloys show only a limited number of pores, but severe weld seam irregularities exist.

The absorbency can be expressed by Reylength equation: A = k • v, here A is absorbency, k is the absorption constant, and v is the number of particles per unit volume [13, 14].
It can be also seen from Fig.4, different dispersion stability was obtained for different grain size of nanoparticles, the absorbency ofγ-Al2O3 (10nm) water-based nanofluid was larger than the absorbency of Al2O3 (20nm) water-based nanofluid, but the viscosity ofγ-Al2O3 (10nm) water-based nanofluid was smaller, which indicated that the nanoparticles with the smaller size were more beneficial to the dispersion stability within a certain range.

Introduction A large number of experimental studies show that several Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD) MX2 (M=Ti, Nb or Ta, X=S or Se) exhibit an interesting interplay between superconductivity (SC) and charge density wave (CDW) [1,2].
In order to achieve C intercalation, the above precursor powders were thoroughly mixed and grinded with stoichiometric amounts of very fine powder (grain size ~27-30 mm) of high-purity graphite (Polysciences, 99.9%).

Comparison of AFM measurements in different measurement regions of the same silicon wafer Wafer number Area/Lm2 Ra/nm Rms/nm 4-1 5@5 0.114 0.125 4-1 20@20 0.267 0.213 4-2 1@1 0.106 0.134 4-2 5@5 0.097 0.122 4-2 20@20 0.110 0.170 4-3 1@1 0.111 0.140 4-3 5@5 0.107 0.151 4-3 20@20 0.100 0.160 6-1 1@1 0.213 0.267 6-1 5@5 0.214 0.268 6-1 20@20 0.187 0.250 8-1 1@1 0.083 0.105 8-1 5@5 0.079 0.100 8-1 20@20 0.091 0.116 8-2 1@1 0.073 0.093 8-2 5@5 0.079 0.101 8-2 20@20 0.091 0.116 In table 1, 4-1, 6-1 are 4-inch and 6-inch polishing wafers produced by different polishing processes in China. 4-2, 4-3, 8.1 and 8-2 are 4-inch and 8-inch polishing wafers produced abroad.
Apart from point defects mentioned above, it is considered that some other types of defects such as grain boundaries and dislocations and some complexes and precipitates are also induced in the surface region of silicon samples during plasma treatment.

The importance of ethanol is increasing due to a number of reasons such as depleting of fossil reserve, global warming and climate change.
The green gold fuel from LB avoids the existing competition of food versus fuel caused by grain based bioethanol production [1,2].

For the optical determination of the charge carrier concentration, wafers were prepared from the crystals and polished on both sides until final polishing with 1/4 µm grain size.
Acknowledgements We greatly acknowledge the provision of the experimental setup for gas analysis, consisting of high-vacuum pump station (HiCube 80 Eco) and quadrupole mass spectrometer (PrismaPro QMG 250) by Pfeiffer Vacuum and the financial support by the German Science Foundation (DFG) under contract number WE2107/12-2 and WE2107/15-1.