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The diffraction peak at 2q = 9.1° suggests the lamellar structure of GO with d-spacing of 0.97 nm, and the other four obvious diffraction peaks located at 2q = 38.1°, 44.3°, 64.4°, and 77.4° coincide with the (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes of metallic Ag (JCPDS: 65-2871).
For the formation of Ag/rGO composites, the special wrinkled structure and large specific surface area of rGO nanosheets provide active sites for the nucleation and growth of silver nanoparticles.
For the Ag/rGO composite synthesized at the absorbed dose of 3.1 kGy, TEM shows the wrinkled structure of rGO nanosheets with a large amount of nanoparticles decorated on (Fig. 4a).
Ruoff, The chemistry of graphene oxide, Chem.

This rutile-type crystalline structure [2] has been in the limelight because of its large arsenal of properties like- high excitation binding energy (~130 meV) [9], infrared reflectivity [6], simple fabrication process [7], and so on.
(a) Unheated sample (b) final sample annealed at 823 K Characterization The crystallographic aspect of the sample was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer at Jadavpur University, Department of Chemistry (Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer).
Gutierrez, Domingo, Structure, Composition and Morphology of Self-Assembled 2D Nanostructures Based on SnO2 Nanoparticles Observed in Unannealed Mn Doped Hydrated Form of Tin Oxide (II) or (IV) Synthesized by Co-precipitation Method, Curr.
Rajendra, Modification of structure, electrical, linear and third-order nonlinear optical properties of spray pyrolyzed tin oxide films by deposition temperature, Superlattices Microstruct. 155 (2021) 106920

El-Shazly1,4,d 1Chemical and Petrochemicals Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg AlArab city, Alexandria, Egypt 2Materials Engineering and Design, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt 3Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan 4Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt E-mail: a*gohoho.dela@ejust.edu.eg, bhussien.badry@ejust.edu.eg, cjunichiro_hayashi@cm.kyushu-u.ac.jp, dahmed.elshazly@ejust.edu.eg Keywords: Agricultural Waste, Peanut shell, Dye Removal, Adsorbent, and Adsorption Isotherms.
From the XRD in Fig 2(a) the prominent peaks detected at 21° and a slightly faint peak at 42° in the difractogram of the PSH represent (001) and (011) planes indexing the microcrystalline structure of cellulose[12,13].
These strong major peaks are associated with biomass (hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose) having hydroxy and many C-H groups in their structures[17].
Hegde, Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects 12 (2017) 84–90

Study of Rheology of Flame-retardant Copolyester Nanocomposites ZHAO Qing-fu 1, a , JIANG Xiao-wei1, SUN Shi-yuan1, 2, QU Ming-hai1 and WANG Yu-zhong3 1 Department of Textile Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, China 2 College of Textile, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China 3 Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China a zqfdezhou@126.com Keywords: flame-retardant copolyester, nanocomposite, shear rate, viscous flow activation energy Abstract: A new type of nanocomposite was composited by the way of copolymerization of flame-retardant monomer DDP, PET monomer, terephthalic acid and ethylene dlycol.
The study of polymer rheology, on one hand can provided rich information of materials processing, on the other hand it is also an important method to study the structure and property of polymeric materials.
The rheological properties of polymer have close relation to the viscous and elastic, as well as molecule structure, molecule weight and molecule weight distribution, processing condition such as temperature, pressure and flow rate and so on. 2.
The fluid viscosity is mainly determined by the structure of the macromolecule chain itself, that is to say, the ability of the segment to do transition movements.

Recently, attention has been focused on mimicking the nano-micro structured skin of the desert beetle.
The design of a fog collector based on creating a nano-micro hybrid surface structure, which mimics the skin of the beetle, has been developed by the authors and is described in the next sections.
The design mimics the nano/micro hybrid structure of the desert beetle, it is based on mimicking nature and hence sustainable.
Valdecantos, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149, 1896-1906, 2009 [11] R.N Wenzel; Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 28, No. 6, p988-994 (1936)

Preparation of Activated Carbon- and Graphite-Coated Banana Fibers as Flame-Retardant Materials Sakira Elen Cahyaningrum1,a, Ayuni Fitriyaningsih1,b, Anggistia Maharani2,c, Aditya Muhammad Fadhilah1,d, Pramudhita Bagus Tri Wibowo3,e, Teguh Endah Saraswati1,f,* 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University 3Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University Jl.
For instance, raw banana fiber contains hemicellulose and lignin, which have C=O and C–O bonds in their structures.
The activated carbon has an amorphous structure, while graphite has a crystalline structure.

The oxide scale surface and cross-section morphologies and chemistry were investigated by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) JEOL JSM-6400F equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyser (EDS).
At 1100 °C the scale structure is different.
Under wet conditions, the scale structure is similar.
This indicates that in the 900 -1100 °C temperature range, even though the parabolic behaviour is always followed, the scale structure is different and the oxidation process is probably modified when the chromia scale is not acting alone as a diffusion barrier.

The chemistry of hydration changes under these conditions have substantially different properties from products cured below 100 °C.
Tobermorite phase has a larger volume of structure than α-C2SH phase which cause a decrease in porosity and increase in the density of blended cement mortar [11].
The structure of C-S-H phases was changed under high temperature and pressure of autoclaved curing.
Tobermorite phase has a larger volume of structure than α-C2SH phase which cause a decrease in porosity and increase in the compressive strength.

Fabrication of Gelatin-Zr (IV) Phosphate and Alginate-Zr (IV) Phosphate Nanocomposite Based Ion Selective Membrane Electrode Manita Thakur1,a, Deepak Pathania2,b* 1School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya-Suchani), Distt.
Scheme 1 shows the molecular structure of gelatin (GT) and alginate (AG).
Molecular structure of gelatin and alginate 2.
Toth, Ion selective electrodes in analytical chemistry, Plenum Press., New York, 1 (1978) 143
Ross-Murphy, Structure and rheology of gelatin gels: recent progress, Polymer. 33 (1992) 2622-7

This indicates that taro starch has a semi-crystalline structure.
According to [9], starch consists of crystalline and amorphous structures.
Meanwhile, polymers with amorphous structures have low density.
Gelatin has an amorphous structure so that, when it is added to the process of making composite films, the composite film structure will have a more dominant amorphous structure and produce a low density.
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry. 4(1), 8–16. (2021) [15] Warkoyo, W., Rahardjo, B., Marseno, D.