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The compo-sition of X6 CrNi 18-10 (material number 1.4948) is Fe (bal), 0.04-0.08 C, 1.0 Si, 2.0 Mn, 0.035 P, 0.015 S, 17.0-19.0 Cr and 8.0-11.0 Ni.
Diffusion along grain boundaries can be neglected with the given particle size leading to a homogeneous transport rate of Al to the surface.

The country has an increased crustal activity hence a number of active faults as it has a complicated geo-tectonic setting.
Liquefaction countermeasures are carried out by improving the soil and taking actions that minimize damage through strengthening the structure, which consists of several methods: This is because the methods of the selected soil improvement include densification, which is a method based on the theory of increasing the density of the soil, solidification, which is a method of improving the soil based on the fact that more materials are added to the soil to increase its solidity, drainage, which is the dissipation of pore water, replacement, which is a method of improving the soil by adjusting the grain size distribution for improvement of the soil [9].Main additives include lime, cement, Fly Ash, Bitumen, Rice Husk Ash and several geotextile fabrics and several recycled products as stabilization in soil following UCS, Direct Shear, Atterberg limit etc it can be appreciated that stabilization with such additive was very useful in enhancing various soil properties.

Also, because only the surface of the substrate is melted, undesired microstructural change of the substrate material such as grain growth will be avoided.
Judging from Figs. 4 and 6, Vickers hardness numbers of Ti3Al, Ti-rich TiAl, Al-rich TiAl and TiAl3 layers are 700-800, 500-600, ~400 and 550- 600, respectively.

The ferrite is beneficial because it restricts grain growth and prevent liquid cracking by limiting impurity element diffusion and inhibiting wetting of liquid films [1,2].
However, the formation of these phases is influenced by a number of factors such as weld metal composition, ferrite content and its morphology, in addition to temperature and time of transformation [4].

In recent years, the research of ecosystem service function has aroused public concern, with an increasing number of ecologists and economists probing into the connotation and quantitative evaluation methods of ecosystem service function; therefore, it has become the cutting-edge topics of the current Ecology and Ecological Economics research.
The specific accounting method is as follows: The determination of the value of service function of per unit area of farmland for food production in the study area In the study area, on the basis of the sown area , grain yield, the national average price of food crops，according to the following formula, the economic value of per area agricultural land for food production service function is Calculated [3] : ∑== n i iii a M qpm E 17 1 （i＝1，…，n） （1） As show, Ea stands for the economic value of per area agricultural land for food production service function (yuan/hm2); i stands for crop types, the main crops in the study area are wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and barley; pi stands for the average price of the i type crop(yuan/t);qi stands for per unit area yield of the i kinds crop(t/hm2);mi stands for the area of the i kind of food crops(hm2);M stands for the total area of the n kinds of food crops (hm2 ); 1/7 indicates that the human

According to Scherrer equation (D=kλ/Bcosθ), the average grain size of iron oxide compound was 94.4nm that was near to the result from SEM.
From Fig.4, the following results could be found: (ⅰ) Compared with FTIR of PCF, the broadened stretching vibration band at 3436cm-1, the new stretching vibration band at 1384cm-1 and the inexistence stretching vibration at 1635cm -1 of FTIR of IOCPCF suggested that the number of hydroxyl groups at IOCPCF surface had increased, which supplied evidences for the active adsorption sites increase and the decontamination energy improvement of IOCPCF;(ⅱ) The broadened adsorption peaks from one to two at 1000～1100cm-1 had a hint that iron element of coating had combined with silicon element of PCF via -Fe-O-Si- bond, which should be answerable to the better performances of anti-acid, anti-alkali and anti-mechanical of IOCPCF.

The number of crystallization peak significantly decreased with 2at% Sn addition, suggesting that volume fraction of crystalline phase reduces.
It is better to the precipitation and growth of grain.

It was demonstrated that dumping slag of copper-nickel production can be effectively used as a part of blast-furnace slag cement , small-grained concrete and magnesia binder [21].
Waste is not widely used, the annual number is over 160 thousand tons/year.

As the band-gap of nc-Si:H is adjustable by changing its the grain size.
Poisson equation describes the relation among the number of free carriers, trap electrons and holes, ionize impurities of the material system to electrostatic field, which can be written as [13], (1) where ψ is the electrostatic potential, n(x) is the free electron, p(x) is the free hole, nt(x) is the trapped electron, and pt(x) is the trapped hole, the ionized donor-like doping N+D(x) and ionized acceptor-like doping N-A(x) concentrations are all functions of the position coordinate x, ε is the permittivity and q is the magnitude of the charge of an electron.

This is to enables random orientation of the grains of the materials in the sample.
Table 2: Detail of all possible Cu-Al IMC Phase Space group Structure 2θ position of peak with 100% intensity (°) Powder Diffraction Pattern number CuAl2 I4mcm Tetragonal 20.69 47.57 01-089-1980 00-002-1309 Cu9Al4 P-43m Cubic 44.11 03-065-3347 CuAl C2/m Monoclinic 44.67 and 45.07 00-026-0016 Cu3Al2 P63/mmc Hexagonal 43.74 00-026-0015 Cu4Al3 Imm2 Orthorhombic 44.50 01-072-3405 Fig. 3: Diffractograms of selected 2θ ranges with slow scan.