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According to these data, we can deduce that density is the main criteria of the natural fibre used in FML panel for car front hood design.
This criteria could contribute weight reduction of the car front hood.
Lightweight materials can improve passenger vehicle fuel efficiency by 6-8% for each 10% reduction in weight while also making electric and alternative vehicles more competitive [23].

Poor surface quality can increase surface irregular roughness and cause reduced thermal and mechanical fatigue life and reduction in impact strength, leading to premature die failure.
These data are all averages of three experimental specimens in order to eliminate the random measure errors.
However, in normal ECM process, high speed electrolyte (6-30 m/s) can form some current ripples on blade surface alone the flushing direction of electrolyte, which can result in reduced thermal and mechanical fatigue life and reduction in impact strength of aero-engine blades.

Grade C (ppm) Cr Ni Mo Si Mn N (ppm) S (ppm) 304 437 18.2 8.1 0.30 0.449 1.160 525 16 316L 294 18.9 10.1 2.03 0.343 1.381 456 17 430 339 16.3 0.27 0.04 0.382 0.339 372 20 441 123 18.0 0.19 0.04 0.556 0.246 139 8 Grade Ti Nb V B (ppm) Co Sn P Cu 304 0.003 0.007 0.067 13 0.173 0.011 0.029 0.320 316L 0.010 0.009 0.055 15 0.195 0.008 0.036 0.268 430 0.002 0.014 0.100 3 0.025 0.011 0.032 0.086 441 0.162 0.502 0.132 4 0.031 0.008 0.024 0.046 All grades were used after cold rolling, giving a thickness of 0.5 mm and a reduction rate of ~ 80% for the ferritics and a thickness of 1 mm (304) and 0.7 mm (316L) with a reduction rate of ~ 60% for the austenitics.
Considering the lower 2θ values in this figure compared to MnCr2O4 and Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 tabulated data, the stoichiometry of the spinel phase seemed to be close to Mn[MnCr]O4, a phase where half of Cr 3+ cations of the octahedral sites have been replaced by Mn 3+.

Based on cathodic reduction results, Nagayama and Cohen [20] proposed that the passive films consisted of an inner layer of Fe3O4 and outer layer of γ-Fe2O3.
These results are in a good agreement with the literature data obtained in similar experimental conditions [25, 26]
Air-formed oxide has been removed from surface with galvanostatic reduction in borate buffer solution.

Introduction Electroless (EL) deposition is commonly employed to deposit metals and their alloys without the use of electric current, via reduction of the metal by a reducing agent.
A Talysurf instrument was employed to provide roughness data over an 8 mm length of the specimen with eight replicate scans.
Szcygiel et al. [12] who had observed slight reduction of phosphorous content in the composite NiP-ZrO2 coatings, most likely due to the differences in the bath composition and the deposition temperature.

An electron beam is used to form thin plates of sectional shapes based on three-dimensional (3D) CAD data.
The other purpose of remelting by EB irradiation is surface smoothing due to reflow of molten metal, which causes a reduction in the peak-valley height of the surface due to surface tension.
When the electron beam spot is stepped with a smaller pitch, the molten metal temperature increases due to the rise in input energy, and this leads to a reduction in surface roughness due to the lower surface tension.

Since a Ni-Ti alloy specimen compressed to a strain of 0.04, in which no stress-plateau appears at macroscopic scales on a stress-strain curve, has a high density of dislocation [3], the reduction of the transformable mass under compression is deduced to be steeper than that under tension. 0 50 100 150 200 250 3000 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 � �� $� � VW � � �� 0� � VW � � �� $� � G
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� � �� $� Г� �� $� � � VW � � �� $� Г� �� $� � � G
� Plastic strain� � εεεε � � 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 ���� Plastic strain�� ε (%)ε (%)ε (%)ε (%) static dynamic Fig.7 Dependence of plastic strain on heat flow Fig.8 Effect of plastic strain on shape recovery Effects of Strain and Strain Rate on Shape Recovery.
The reduction of the recovery by the increase of the strain and strain rate is explained by generation of slip due to multiplication of dislocation under the plastic deformation as described above.
Satoh: An Ultrasonic Method of Detecting Dislocation Behaviour at high strain rates: Theoretical Basis for Data Analysis, Inst.

Solution to improve the competitiveness of Al alloys is to reduce the costs by improving process efficiency and innovations in weight reduction or downgauging of the canstock [5 - 7].
For each L values the data point should follow straight line, the slope 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060 (311) (222) (200) (111) ∆K (nm -1 ) K (nm-1 ) Fig. 2 The relation between, ∆k, and, k according to eq. (3) (in the case of 5454 Specimen). and the intercept of these linear regressions at k 2 = 0 give -2L 2 π 2< ε 2>, and ln AL respectively.
The reduction of crystallite size with increasing Mg content, which is accompanied by profound increase of micro-hardness, is customarily approximated by Hall-Petch (H-P) relationship for micro-hardness.

A small piece from a 10% Sn bronze raw casting was hardened by hammering up to a 31% reduction in thickness, then annealed at 700°C for 20 minutes, and followed by slow cooling.
The same operation was repeated once, but with only a 20% reduction in thickness.
Finally, the data collected on the brazing region of the necklace reveals a microstructure rather different from that of the main body.

Hence it is essential to have a monitoring program for measuring moisture content reduction.
Fig. 4 Moisture content reduction and drying time of various base materials.
Final Year Project (FYP) student’s contributions to the execution of essential research and the gathering of experimental data are acknowledged and highly valued.