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Advanced techniques recently reveal experimentally the formation of solute clusters in the natural ageing process of Al-based alloys and they enable even to study kinetics and chemistry of clusters and subsequent early precipitation stages (e. g. [8 - 10]).
Globular particles of the β´ (cbco) develop subsequently before their shape changes to prismatic plates in the WE43 alloy [15] and Mg95Gd5 alloy [16], so we ascribe the double peak at 230 °C – 280 °C and 230 °C – 300 °C respectively to precipitation of globular β´ transient phase with the cbco structure and to their transformation into prismatic plates with the same structure.
Natural ageing does not change this precipitation sequence in the MgGd alloys studied but facilitates precipitation nuances. 3) Contrary to many Al alloys natural ageing preceding isochronal annealing enhances age hardening in the Mg15Gd alloy caused by precipitation of prismatic plates with the cbco structure in a triangular arrangement, shifts peak hardness to higher temperatures of isochronal annealing and extends the region of peak hardening.

Laccases (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), multi-copper-containing oxidoreductase enzymes, are able to catalyze the oxidation of various compounds with characteristics similar to a p-diphenol, resulting in a radical coupling reaction and the formation of big conjugate structures in the polymers.
The enzymatic polymerization with laccase is regarded as a “green chemistry” in terms of the mild reaction conditions and the only byproduct of water.
It had been reported that TP units in the enzymatically produced polymer structure connected to each other by phenyl ether linkage [8].
Another reason is that TP adsorbed by silk mainly exists in the interior of fibers, and the compact structure of silk fibers might restrict the laccase-catalyzed polymerization of TP. 3.4.

., composition, additives, melting temperatures, flux chemistry), mechanical metallurgical, fatigue resistant properties[9,10], manufacturing, reliability and costs [3].
The reduction in undercooling can promote in nucleation behaviors and enhance nucleus during solidification of liquid solder alloys which can cause formation of fine structures[4,31].
Kotadia et al. [32]also mentioned that additions of trace element or impurities in the solder act as nucleation site in the melt that which lead to reduction of undercooling degree and results in finer structures.The undercooling degree of the lead-free solder was decreased much enough when the Bi composition was increased which indirectly effect the rate of solidification of the solder[4].
Lower melting temperature of Sn-based lead-free solder with Bi addition cause the reduction in undercooling and induced in producing finer structures.

On the one hand, graphene is a two-dimensional hexagonal packing of carbon atoms in the form of one monolayer, and on the other hand is a component of the structure of crystalline graphite [1].
To ensure the biosensor ability, the graphene films undergo functionalization using various covalent and noncovalent approaches that modifies the surface chemistry of graphene [7, 8].
Photoresist, processing chemicals associated with processing, as well as surface impurities and contaminations that accompany processing prevent in full measure to use the graphene die as the sensor or other type of instrument structure.
Lebedeva, Study of the Crystal and Electronic Structure of Graphene Films Grown on 6H-SiC (0001), Semiconductors+ 51 (2017) 1072-1080

As noted by the authors, listed above, the main purpose of the use of stone flour in the composition of modified concretes is to increase the rheological activity of superplasticizers and increase the density and strength of concrete due to a decrease in the water content of the mixtures and compaction of the concrete structure.
This is due to the heterogeneous mineral structure of rocks, since their particles contain both negatively and positively charged zones.
This is caused by the peculiarities of the structure and reactivity of these mineral fine components.
XIV International Congress on the Chemistry of cement.

The studies on the parameters and their correlations with each other can help better understand the macromolecular structure and acquire more properties for use [1].
Carbon black-filled PET/HDPE blends: effect of the CB structure on rheological and electric properties.
Structure and electrical properties of carbon black.
Electrical conductivity of thermal carbon blacks influence of surface chemistry.

FTIR spectra were used to prove the structures of clay minerals; several signals characteristic for chlorpromazine HCl were identified as well [7].
Several peaks were observed that can be commonly assigned to clay mineral structure, such as the peak at 3620 cm-1 that refers to hydroxyl groups between tetrahedral and octahedral sheets.
Acknowledgement This work has been supported by the Latvian Council of Science, Fundamental and applied research project Nr. lzp-2018/1-0009 “Properties and structure of peat humic substances and possibilities of their modification.”
[6] F.J Stevenson, Humus chemistry: Genesis, composition, reactions, 2nd ed., Wiley, NewYork, (1994)

The Study of Platinum Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials NOOR AISYAH Ahmad Shah1,a,*, SITI ZULAIKHA Ngah Demon2,b, FARAH NABILA Diauddin3,c, NORHERDAWATI Kasim1,d, NORLI Abdullah1,e, GANESAN Krishnan4,f 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, Center for Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Physics, Center for Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Department of Defence Sciences, Faculty of Defense Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Laser Center, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
Introduction Many studies have revealed the great potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for different linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) applications due to their attractive optical, electrical and magnetic properties which contributed by the presence of delocalized π-electrons in their exceptional one-dimensional molecular structure [1–5].
The investigation of their NLO responses has shown that the structures of Pt that related to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as such provided a contribution to the NLO response [8].
Razak, New halogenated chalcones: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and theoretical analyses for third-order nonlinear optical properties, J.

Tayade2,c 1Department of Chemistry, Dr.
The photoreaction was carried out in a photochemical reaction apparatus having the lamp is put into a quartz which is a hollow structure and located in the middle of the reactor.
Sample calcined at 550 °C and 600 °C show the existence of well-defined structure of hexagonal Ta2O5, anatase TiO2, and the appearance of new structure, probably due to titanium tantalate, is observed.

Aloe vera and chitosan are abundantly available and possess the potential properties for biomedical applications such as excellent antimicrobial, antifungal, alter the structure of the collagen and increase the degree of cross-linking of the collagen [8, 9].
The electrospun nanofiber mats of CMVE/PVA were coated with a gold sputter, and their fiber structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi SU-3500).
The fibrous-structured membrane with a small fiber size would appear to have a higher number of fibers than those with a large fiber size.
Sharma, Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation, Prog.