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The grinding thickness of the inclusion sheet is 0.06~0.09mm[5] (1) Single crystals with higher transparency: pure quartz, icelandite, fluorite and other minerals, the thickness can be 1~0.5mm; (2) Coarse crystals or microcrystals with medium transparency: minerals such as quartz and calcite are between 0.06 mm and 0.08 mm; (3) Medium or fine-grained (translucent and opaque minerals) with poor transparent minerals, that is, general rock minerals, whose thickness is 0.06~0.09mm to reach the appropriate thickness.

It is shown that higher voltage and longer anodizing time leads to an increase in the size of microcones and their number on the surface of niobium.
Local inhomogeneities on the metal surface, grain boundaries, dislocations, impurity atoms and other structural and chemical defects are centers of increased surface energy.
It is shown that higher voltage and longer anodizing time leads to an increase in the size of microcones and their number on the niobium surface.

The aim of the article is to determine the dependencies of the combustion product temperatures of four-component mixtures, the content of high-temperature condensate, and unoxidized metal on the excess oxidizer coefficient, the number of additives, and external pressure using thermodynamic calculations.
Introduction Currently, multicomponent pyrotechnic nitrate-metal mixtures (compacted mixtures of metal fuel grains (Mg, Al, powdered aluminium metal fuel (AP), Ti, Zr, etc.), nitrate oxidizers (NaNO3, Sr(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, KNO3, etc.), organic additives (paraffin, stearin, urotropine, iditol, etc.), and inorganic additives (metal fluorides (NaF, LiF, SiF2, etc.), metal oxides (NiO, CuO, ZnO, etc.)) are widely used in various sectors of the economy and military technology (mixtures for fireworks, igniters and primers, elements of rocket and space technology, etc.) [2, 6, 11].
The newly developed statistical models, presented in Tables 1 and 2, allow obtaining three-dimensional representations of the dependencies of the combustion product temperature, relative content of high-temperature condensate, and unoxidized metal on the excess oxidizer coefficient, the nature and number of additives, and the ambient pressure with a relative error of 5–7 %.

However, the Pt utilization in such conventional methods is not very high, because of the existence of a large number of inactive catalyst sites.
Another advantage of electrodeposition is the simplification of electrode fabrication through the reduction of the number of the process steps required for catalyst synthesis.
In accordance with the authors’ results, in Micrograph 6a the dark cores can be ascribed to the element with low atomic number while the bright shell belongs to the one with high atomic number.
Fig.11 a and ,b show the CV curves after continuous potential scanning and ECSAs as a function of the CV cycle number obtained for Pt/C/GDL and PtPd/Cu/GDL electrodes.
In micrograph (a) dark cores ascribed to the element with low atomic number while the bright shell belong to one with high atomic number Fig.6: EDX pattern of PtPd /Cu/GDL electrode.

Point defects play a central role in the mechanisms of mass transport in crystalline materials through diffusion, affecting, for instance, order-disorder phenomena in compounds, mechanical hardening through interactions with dislocations and grain boundaries, and electronic properties in semiconductor materials.
In practice, the integration process involves a number of independent equilibrium simulations, measuring the enthalpies of both computational cells with and without the defect of interest.
Typically, defect-formation enthalpies are small numbers and must be obtained by subtraction of two large numbers, those of the computational cell enthalpies crystalH and dH .
In order to compare the same number of eigenfrequencies, the sum of the logarithms of the perfect crystal modes is appropriately renormalized and the three zero eigenfrequencies corresponding to translational symmetry are neglected.
Given that the formation free energies compare equal numbers of atoms, however, we need to subtract the free energy of one atom in the perfect crystal.

Heating up to 200°C results in further loss of acetylacetonate groups and a dramatic increase of the number of oxygen bridges.
Sample No. 7 (Mg) 9 (Al) 11 (Fe) 15 (V) 17 (Zr) Element Мg Al Fe VO Zr V, cm3/g 0,0500 0,0090 0,0027 0,0080 0,0046 S, m2/gг 16,000 2,300 0,978 3,600 0,900 PP* 0,83 1,31 1,34 1,30 1,42 ρ, g/cm3 1,079 1,250 1,460 1,370 1,500 * – polarization potential Using the PAS data (Tables 7 and 8) and densities of oligomers Nos. 7, 9, 11, 15, and 17 (Table 9), the volumes of disordered areas of polychelates per 1 cm3 (Vps) were calculated using the formula 5, and, thereafter, the number of specific volumes was calculated using the formula: Voligomer elem. unit=Mρ*NA (6) where M – the weight of the oligomer elementary unit; ρ – the polychelate density (from Table 9); Na – the Avogadro number By dividing the elementary unit volume by that of positronium “traps”, the number of annihilations in one unit was obtained (Table 11).
The specific polarizing potential (Table 9) [40, 41, 42] increases in the row Mg < VO < Al < Fe < Zr, similarly to changes in the layer thickness in 1 g (Table 10) and in the number of annihilations in the volume of the polymer elementary unit.
Here, one observes a direct dependence of the layer thickness on the number of annihilations in the specific volume (Vspec) (Table 10).
Gel chromatography studies were carried out using a column of a diameter of 12 mm and a length of 1200 mm; carrier gel – polystyrene crosslinked with 4 % divinylbenzene; grain diameter 0.1–0.08 nm; free volume (V0) 30 ml; toluene solution fractions were sampled by 3 ml.

High-temperature NMR experiments revealed an average Al coordination number of about 4.5-4.9 [14-18].
This was the first study on the influence of deposition temperature on aluminum coordination number.
Figure 2 shows that ΔCS is maximal for a Td half-way between 480 and 550 °C for each coordination number.
This structure is the less propitious to grain boundary formation.
Moreover, it corresponds to the minimal average coordination number (~4.50), hence the most covalent character of the structure.

The reflectance bands observed in FTIR spectra of bioglass and their ceramic derivatives were correlated wave numbers corresponding to functional groups with (Table 4) before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) as shown by Filgueiras [35] and Kim [44].
The bioglass ceramic samples before immersion in SBF solution shown in Figure 14 reveals the appearance of many irregular rod shapes and grains (fluoride grains) as indicated by Rice [34].

When sintering effects lead to grain growth, the average grain size is a function of firing temperature.
Manufacturers publish only cold modulus of rupture data for bricks but it can be deduced (see Table 2) that those published numbers would not lead to higher hot strengths than shown in Fig.4.

As the particle size decreases than that of wavelength of incident light, a phenomenal change occurs resulting surface plasmon resonances [34], whose intensity is directly proportional to the number of excited electrons and the dielectric constant of the medium used.
The increased efficiency is attributed to the formation of large grain boundary, reduced particle size of 25 nm and increased fill factor (FF) [46, 47]. 9.9  Ώ X 105 of Impedance and 5 V of bias voltage was obtained for 15 % wt chromium was doped on tungsten trioxide [48]. 10 % antimony doped on yttrium oxide exhibited band gap 1.92 eV [49].
According to the diffraction broadening peaks in the XRD curves, the crystal grain size was calculated using Scherer’s equation 0.89λ/β cos θ.