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A surplus of oxygen atoms would gradually weaken the bond between the metal grains.
   − + −= − rmsa, 21 av,aaS 1 1 S Z nt SSF P sC φ ; ( ) avm,expava,ava, K�sS = ; ( ) ( ) 2 avm,exp 2 rmsa, 2 rmsm,exp 2ava, rmsa, K�sK�sS + = (10) Reliability P can be then approximately assessed by considering the interference of the normal distributed stresses and strengths, given in Eqs. (10), as ( )[ ] ( )[ ]           −++ −+ − = − − 2rmsa, 2 31 2rmsa, 2 21 ava,ava, 1 1 1 1 σ σ φ P sC P sC ZntSZnt S P (11) Reliability index ZP at a confidence of C can be solved through the equation below ( )[ ] ( )[ ] 2rmsa, 2 31 2rmsa, 2 21 ava,ava, 1 1 1 1 σ σ P sC P sC P ZntSZnt S Z −++ −+ − −= − − (12) Second case is that a specified location of structure is subjected to sequential loads of variable symmetrical average stress amplitudes ofσai-ni, where i =1, 2, …, nL and ni is cyclic repeat number
One, numbered as σaj, nj, and j =1, 2, …, nL1, includes the amplitudes having lives less than �T.
Another, numbered as σak, nk, and k =1, 2, …, nL2, contains the amplitudes having lives greater than �T.

The density and strain of nanoparticles were calculated using the following equations [22]: ρx=8MNAa3 (3) ε=β4tanθ (4) where r is density, M is the molecular weight, NA is Avogadro’s number, a3 is the unit cell volume, and e is the lattice strain.
The increase was due to recrystallization and grain growth [23].
This is also suggested by the peak position, which looks to shift towards lower wave numbers as the energy decreases.
Acknowledgment This study was financially supported by Penelitian Hibah Grup Riset (HGR-UNS)-A Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, INDONESIA with grant number 194.2/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2024.

Introduction On account of the close correlation between the physical and chemical properties and the shape, size, and structure of materials, designing and preparing novel nano-microstructure materials has been intensely pursued not only for fundamental scientific interest but also for their various applications in fields such as biological labeling and imaging, catalysis, drug delivery, sensing, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.[1] Bi2WO6 is a typical Aurivillius oxide, which is composed of accumulated layers of corner- sharing WO6 octahedral sheets and bismuth oxide sheets. [2] Bi2WO6 is one of the simplest members(when n=1) of the Aurivillius oxide family of layered perovskites with the general formula Bi2An-1BnO3n+3 (A =Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, Na, K; B = Ti, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe; and n = number of perovskite-like layers), which are structurally composed of alternating perovskite-like and fluorite-like blocks[1].
The broad diffraction peaks imply that the size of the crystalline grain is small and well crystallized.
However, bismuth citrate is a wirelike structure that it is easier to shape into nanoplates, resulting in the increased number of nanoplates in Fig.3d compared to Fig.3b and Fig.3c.
Orthorhombic Bi2WO6, which formed nanoparticles later in the hydrothermal process, is a number of alternating (Bi2O2)n2+ layers and perovskite-like (WO4)n2- layers, stacking along the c axis (step 2 in Scheme 1).

Northeast China is one of most important grain production and industrial bases of China, and is also one of the regions which most experiences frequent and severe drought and flood disasters.
Table 2 shows the number of stations in different range of MK values in each month over Northeast China.
From Table 2 it can be seen that the number of stations with dry/wet trend present remarkable variations in each month.
Table 2 Number of stations in different range of MK values in each month over Northeast China Jan.

A lot of works related with the Ti-Al-N coatings are focused on the crystallographic structure of the films [5]: the phases involved, the morphology and size of the grains, depending on the bias voltage used in the PVD chamber.
It is a well-known that the malting point of Al (660°C) is much lower than the melting points of Ti and Cr (1672°C and 1857°C, respectively), and the size and number of microparticles that determine the surface roughness of the coating depend on the evaporated material and the duration of the evaporation.
Therefore, the lower value of the melting point of the vaporized material leads to the increase in the number and size of the microparticles - that is exactly what is observed.
Average values of surface roughness parameters measured by confocal microscope, including the standard deviation Samples Surface roughness parameters [nm] Sa Sz Sq Sv Sp AlTiN 63 ± 2 524 ± 43 80 ± 3 210 ± 10 312 ± 40 CrN / AlTiN 60 ± 4 445 ± 36 76 ± 5 197 ± 28 248 ± 11 CrAlTiN 58 ± 3 429 ± 22 74 ± 3 193 ± 28 236 ± 15 The measurement of the coatings surface roughness shows that using AFM for this evaluation is not appropriate, because the evaluated surface area is quite small and the sample surfaces, according to the SEM results has different size and number of microparticles.

It excludes the parameters hence were processed lattice parameter (a, b and c), unit cell volumes V, where D is average grain size,δ is lattice strain, ρ is dislocation density and N is the number of crystallites).
Moreover; the number of crystallites (N) can be estimated from [34]: (8) The phases concur and XRD data MgO modified with Ti and Se thin film in Table 1.
M0 MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MT1 MT2 MT3 MT4 R nm 8 20 16 15.38 14 70 66 57.45 35.04 D nm 58.77 185 111 158 104 233 124 130 100 Sdr % 1.2 0.386 0.847 0.897 2.33 3.12 3.74 6.81 11.9 Sq 1.49 5.89 5.01 4.02 2.92 9.41 11.9 15.5 10.7 3.4 Anti-bacterial Results In this examination the total number of samples of the activity test was 99; three samples leaned in each case.

The seeds were soaked in water the night before the test, and the number of seeds per number was controlled to 200.
The evaluation index values of each numbered substrate are shown in Table 4.
When the content is 40%, the average internal friction angle is reduced to 14.6°, indicating that the content of fine particles is large at this time, and the grain composition affects the enhancement effect of fly ash on the internal friction angle.
(5) Where: k refers to the number of indicators, that is, k = m.
The vegetation coverage of each numbered substrate reached more than 60%, and a very small number was less than 60%.

Under the hydraulic loading condition, all substrate materials, except high calcium powder coal ash grains, slag, and attapulgite, have a low removal rate of P (Table 5).
It can be seen from the current literature that there are only a few studies on mixed substrates, and the number of such studies should be increased in the future.
Wetland substrate hydraulic loading (m/d) Index decrement rate (%) TP concentration (mg/L) Slag 0.05 76 2.66–7.54 [36] Gravel 65 Shuck 0.5–1.5 18 0.3–5.05 [38] Laterite 86 Zeolite-limestone mixture 0.47 59. 6 2.23–2.64[45] Zeolite 24. 9 River sand 0.1 51.12 1.27–9.79[51] Slag 45.79 Silica sand 0.4 56.1 1.6±1.2 [56] Zeolite and tobermorite 0.3 59.0–75.8 0.08–0.32 [57] High calcium powder coal ash grains 0.83 90 1.0–1.8 [63] Slag 0.43 99 15 [70] Attapulgite 0.73 93.1–95.4 10 [71] Fragmented Moleanos limestone 0.04 61±7 2.3 [72] Removal of Other Contaminants.

The generalised Darken method (GDM) allows a complete quantitative description of the complex diffusional transport process and for the unlimited number of elements.
Determined numbers approximate self diffusivities *.iD A single diffusion annealing experiment at a fixed temperature at any time t* allows calculation of the constant self diffusivities for the unrestricted number of elements in the system.
The generalized Darken method of interdiffusion allows a quantitative description of complex diffusional transport processes for an unlimited number of elements.

In addition to hot-pressing, a large number of carbides was prepared by full carburisation of metal sheets upon diffusion of C.
Examples of carbide-, nitride- and carbonitride containing parts used in a variety of applications. a) milling cutter with TiN-coated indexable hardmetal inserts, b) various tools composed of hardmetal (WC-Co), c) hardmetal dills for PCB drilling, d) microstructure of a coarse grained hardmetal for rock drilling, e) microstructure of the Ti(C,N)-enriched surface zone of a functionally-graded hardmetal, f) cross section of multilayer coating of a hardmetal Figure 2.
Subnitride reference material, left: microstructure of homogeneous e-Ti2N sample [17] prepared by arc-melting and extended annealing in a silica tube at 1000°C, due to etching with HF/HNO3 (for identification of the grain boundaries) the sample shows etching pits, these can be removed by re-polishing with silica suspension; right: microstructure (in polarized light) of a 50µm thick diffusion layer of e-Ti2N between a-Ti(N) and d-TiN1-x, which is however not strictly homogeneous, but shows a very narrow homogeneity range Figure 13.