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The calculation of the thermal boundary conductance is very similar to that of the thermal conductivity: the thermal boundary conductance is determined by the number of carriers (phonons) incident on the interface, the energy carried by each phonon, and the probability that each phonon is transmitted across the interface.
Each interface produces a resistance to heat transfer, which means the number of interfaces should be reduced, and the thermal resistance between mating surfaces should be minimized.
This may be attributed to preferred grain-boundary segregation and, for diamond/metals, phase-boundary segregation of nickel.

Table 1 Characteristics of the granite soil PI Cs,uni Cs,c Gs γ s,d OMS USCS N.P 34.55 3.44 2.67 1920 13.2 SM where: PI is the plasticity index of soil; Cs,uin is the uniformity coefficient of soil; Cs,c is the coefficient of gradation of soil; Gs is the specific gravity of soil; γs,d (kg/m 3) is the maximum dry unit weight of soil; and OMS (%) is the optimum water content of soil. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0. 001 0. 01 0. 1 1 10 Grain size(mm) Percent finer(%) Fig. 1 Particle size distribution curve Coordinates (m) Load Cell x y z 1 0.60 0.80 0.55 2 0.60 0.65 0.55 3 0.60 0.50 0.55 4 0.60 0.30 0.55 Strain Gauge 0.60 0.82 0.55 Steel Pipe 0.60 0.73 0.0-1.1 Fig. 2 Vertical section of the steel box and temperature measuring points 2 3 4 Load Cell Strain gauge Styrene Foam Frame 0.05 1.20 1.40 0.20 1.06 0.24 ( Unit : m ) y x z x y 1 The frost pressures and stresses on the pipe wall were measured in the freezing
The symmetry of geometry permitted the selection of only half of the model with 26,408 node numbers for the surrounding soil medium including a pipe in the analyses.
The symmetry of geometry for the structure and boundary condition permitted the quarter model (see Fig. 5) with 13,158 node numbers for a surrounding soil medium and an underground pipeline in the analyses.

Due to spontaneous symmetry breaking, a single crystal of the high temperature phase splits into a number of twin-related variants which form a complex heterophase such that no macroscopic change of shape occurs.
Simulations have been carried out on a square lattice of linear size L = 103l0 discretized on a 512 × 512 coarse-grained mesh subjected to periodic boundary conditions.
After a certain number of jumps, the system does reach the single-variant state and thus the FC curve.

Introduction Tibetan (kefir) is a special granular structure formed between the role of the symbiotic and the number of species of microorganisms such as lactobacillus and yeasts[1].
The fermentation kinetics model of BSH of M3 strain is the growth joint shape[14], that is to say, the synthesis of enzymes is in parallel with cell growth, cell entered the logarithmic growth phase, a large number of enzyme would be produced, cell grew into equilibrium period, the synthesis of enzymes would be ceased[15], so good controling fermentation time can improve the yield of BSH.
[6] Liu H, Li PL, Gong P, Wang L,“Study on the Isolation Method and Yeast Fermentation Capability of Kefir Grains，"Food Science,vol. 26, 2005, pp. 97-100

This means that the oxygen atoms number in a fully oxidized stoichiometric scenario can be measured by this component intensity.
This means that ZnO nanodiscs are more efficient in absorbing larger numbers of oxygen species than the other two nanomaterials, the nanowires and the nanostars.
Tian, Grain size control and gas sensing properties of ZnO gas sensor, Sens.

D=kλ/βcosθ (1) a=dh2+k2+l2 (2) dx=8M/Na3 (3) ε=β/4tanθ (4) where k is constant equal to 0.94, λ is the wavelength of radiation (1.54054 Å for Cu Kα radiation), β is the peak full width at half-maximum (FWHM) intensity, θ is the diffraction angle, d is interplanar spacing, (h, k, l) are miller indices of (311) plane, M is the molecular weight and N is Avogadro’s number [32].
The increase obtained can also be associated with an increase in grain size, crystallite size, a decrease in porosity, and an increase in the anisotropy constant (K) [34,47,48,49].
Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta contract number: 673.1/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2022.

Spectrographs in Fig. 3 proffer chemical characteristics of the epoxy polymer and composites which are expressed in wave numbers representing bonds/functional groups of various peaks belonging to epoxy resin as shown in Table 2.
Figure 3: FTIR spectrographs of epoxy resin (a) epoxy polymer (b) and epoxy/Almp composite (c) Figure 4: FTIR spectrographs showing peaks with wave numbers and bonds/functional groups belonging epoxy resin (a), epoxy/Almp composite, epoxy/Alnp composite and epoxy polymer (d) Figure 5: Chemical equation presenting reaction of epoxy resin with hardener Figure 6: Chemical equation representing reaction of epoxy resin with aluminium particles and hardener Figure 7: X-Ray diffractometry of (a) epoxy polymer (b) epoxy/Almp composites (c) epoxy/Alnp composite and aluminium nanoparticles Superimposed XRD profiles agree with an observation made with FTIR spectrographs in Fig. 3 affirming different chemical interactions of Almp and Alnp with epoxy resulting in the formations of different compounds observed from XRD peaks of epoxy/10%Almp and epoxy/10%Alnp composites.
Fine-grained structure in Fig. 8b-c, e-f is linked to smaller sizes of Alnp which signifies better chemical interaction of Alnp than Almp.

As the ageing time extended from 0h to 2h, the number represented a rapidly rise in every curve.
In in this case, crystal nucleus formed in the deformed structure, the size of grain increased gradually and finally touch each other.
In an identical aging temperature, at the beginning of aging treatment (0-2h), the recovery softening had distinct effect on the elongation of materials which number significantly improved.

In addition, Figure 4 shows the numbering of sample for Hall calculations which used in this work.
Figure 4: The numbering of sample for Hall calculations Referring to Figure 4, the Hall voltage V+31,42 (+B) is measured between contact point 4 and 2 when a current I+31 is passed from points 3 and 1.
This is because the atoms get more energy at higher temperature to migrate and more un-perfect crystal nucleuses sufficiently grow, leading to the reconfiguration of the grains and the formation of particles with perfect crystal structure [13].

Furthermore, the influence of synthesis temperature on critical factors such as crystal structure, particle dimensions, and grain size in nanoparticle synthesis cannot be underestimated [23].
Green tea leaves FTIR spectrum is displayed at wave numbers 3432 cm-1, 2923 cm-1, 1648 cm- 1, 1540 cm-1, 1456 cm-1, 1383 cm-1, 1147 cm-1, 1241 cm-1, 1040 cm-1, 668 cm-1, and 527 cm-1.
Identifying hematite using FTIR produces a typical hematite group absorption, namely Fe-O vibrational bonds at wave numbers 553 cm-1 and 451 cm-1 with sharp and strong intensities.