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Savran, et al, Structure formation and macrosegregation under different process conditions during DC casting, Materials Science and Engineering A,384(2004) 232-244
Katgerman, Macrosegregation in direct-chill casting of aluminium alloys, Progress in Materials Science, 53 (2007) 421-480
Cui, As-cast structure of DC casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained under dual-frequency electromagnetic field, International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials, 21(2014) 150-154
McCartney, The effect of electromagnetic stirring on macrostructure and macrosegregation in the aluminium alloy 7150, Materials Science and Engineering A, 222 (1997) 140-148
Katgerman, Effect of melt flow on macro- and microstructure evolution during solidification of an Al-4.5% Cu alloy, Materials Science and Engineering A, 413 (2005) 98-104

The issues which the topology optimization can solve includes: the design of a variety of structures and mechanisms in the field of aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, micro-electromechanical design; cell clamp in the field of life sciences and micro-medical devices in the interventional therapy; the design of composite materials with specific properties.
Svanberg: SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 12 (2002), p555
Jakiela: Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol.116 (1994), p.1005
Science, Vol. 220 (1983), p.671
J.L.Deng: The Journal of Grey System, Vol. 1 (1989), p.1

Samuel, “Effect of Mg on the Ageing Behaviour of Al-Si-Cu 319 Type Aluminium Casting Alloys”, Journal of Materials Science Vol. 34, 1999, pp. 4671-4697
Chou, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 75, 1992, pp. 102-104. ] Magnesium and Sr-modification lead to segregation of the Al2Cu phase in areas free of eutectic Si particles, explaining the fairly sluggish dissolution rate of the copper phase upon solutionizing at 505°C.[[] F.
Nicholson, “Precipitation Hardening”, Progress in Materials Science, 1963, Vol. 10, p. 149. ] A state of underaging can be maintained.
Allen, “A Calorimetric Study of Precipitation in Commercial Aluminum Alloy-6061 Alloy”, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1991, Vol. 10, p. 323. ] GP zones, needle-like β” (Mg2Si), and rod-like β’ (Mg2Si) transitional phases.
Krol, “The Precipitation Strengthening of Directionally Solidified Al-Si-Cu Alloys”, Materials Science and Engineering, 1997, Vols A234 -A236, pp. 169-172. ] The decrease in hardness is bound with the growth of the θ’ phase and the transition of the Al2Cu phase into large, stable precipitates.

International Journal of Polymeric Materials, vol. 66, no. 4, 2016, pp. 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2016.1190930
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 10, 2007, pp. 1961-1968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3072-1
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 83A, no. 2, 2007, pp. 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31251
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, 1995, pp. 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120410
Journal of biomedical materials research, vol. 61, no.1, pp. 121-30, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10145

Preface The special issue of the "Defects and Diffusion Forum" journal named "Defects and Diffusion Phenomena in Materials for Nuclear Technologies" contains selected peer-reviewed papers covering various aspects of theoretical and experimental study of materials important for the field of nuclear engineering.
The present issue is aimed at complex investigation of nuclear fuel and structural materials properties with considering defects features.
Defects and diffusion are key concepts at description of nuclear materials behavior at thermal and radiation impacts.
Evolution of various defects (such as point defects, dislocations, grain boundaries) determines changes of the materials properties under operating conditions.
We hope that this special issue will be useful for researchers and engineers in the field of material science and nuclear engineering.

Study on Engineering Construction with Three-Dimensional Heat transfer modeling for Double U-tube Heat Exchangers in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems Lian Yanga, Yonghong Huangb, Liu Zhang College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China a1131018517@qq.com, bhyh8986@126.com Keywords: Ground source heat pumps; U-tube material; Heat transfer model; Engineering construction.
The model considers the performance of U-bube material and uses a dual coordinate system and makes the control elemental volumes superimposed.
Bisides, The model considers the performance of U-bube material.
Besides, tube material is very important to heat transfer of the system.
Journal of Central South University of Technology,2009,16(s1):244-248 [2] Yasukawaa K, Takasugib S.

Wei et al. employed titania H2Ti3O7 multi-wall nanotubes as an electrode material in the DSSC [9].
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the National Science Council, R.O.C., Taiwan for financially supporting this research under Contract No.
Kim: Journal of The Electrochemical Society Vol. 149 (2002), p.
Liu: Journal of The Electrochemical Society Vol. 152 (2005), p.
Kang: Journal of The Electrochemical Society Vol. 154 (2007), p.

Paper [33] analyzes mechanical properties of composite materials reinforced by a longitudinal framework of rigid elements.
Optimum design of wide-span cable-stayed roof structures International journal of scientific & engineering research (5).
Materials, 14(15), 4323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154323 [21]  Yao, Y., & Zhang, B. (2020).
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.10.023 [28]  Xianguo Li, Xinyu Long, Zhenqian Shen and Changyun Miao (2019)  Analysis of Strength Factors of Steel Cord Conveyor Belt Splices Based on the FEM Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume ID 6926413.
Finite element simulation and experimental verification of steel cord extraction of steel cord conveyor belt splice 5th Global Conference on Polymer and Composite Materials Ser: Mater Sci Eng (369) 012025 DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/369/1/012025 [33]  Darіya Zade, S. (2013).

The plant materials investigated using mirowave assisted hot-air include apple, laurel berry, corn, grapes and carrots [14-19].
Materials and methods Fig. 1 Construction of rubberwood dryer.
Antti: Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141 (2003) 41–50 [6] N.
Wang: Food Science & Technology 17 (2006) [11] H.
Kloek: Food Science and Technology, 9, 13-20. (1998) [12] A.

Oil and gas processing industry is the firms’ collection of regarding oil and gas as raw materials for production.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Scientific Research Plan Project of Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government under Grant 11JK0118, the Soft Science Project for Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province under Grant 2010KRM38(2) and by the Base Research Project of the Education Department of Shaanxi Province under Grant 2010JZ20.
Stuart: Issues in the choice of supplier alliance partners, Journal of Operations Management Vol. 18 (2000), p. 279–301
Morgan, S.D Hunt: The commitment–trust theory of relationship marketing, Journal of Marking Vol. 58 (1994), p. 20–38
Benton: Supply chain practice and information sharing, Journal of Operations Management Vol. 25 (2007), p. 1348-65