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The effect of temperature on the degree of austenization was studied through observing microscopic structure formed at different temperatures.
Fig. 4 Microscopic Structure of Drill Pipe Steel Tempered at Various Temperatures: (a) 580 ˚C, (b) 625˚C, (c)640˚C, (d) 650˚C, (e) 665 ˚C and (f) 680 ˚C.
Their structure based on selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis is determined as Nb2C carbide with hexagonal close packed structure.
The crystal structure of the precipitates was observed to be face-centered cubic of V4C3 carbide by SAED analysis and the lattice parameter was measured to be 0.416nm.
For the new steel chemistry, this gives a precipitation strengthening contribution of about 670MPa when a grain size of 10μm is assumed.

Among this process, all sorts of extraction methods have been developed in removing EPS from the sludge floc structure.
Scribe, Chemical description of extracellular polymers: implication on activated sludge floc structure.
Scribe, Chemical description of extracellular poly mers: implication on activated sludge floc structure.
Flemming, Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Sub-stances: Characterization, Structures and Function, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,Heidelberg, 1999
Mason, Sonochemistry and the environment – Providing a ‘‘green’’ link between chemistry, physics and engineering, Ultrason.

In recent years, the development of piezoelectric intelligent material structure technology has provided new ideas for the study of solid propellant aging, and for the first time from the electrical point of view, Duan Leiguang et al. used PZT-5A piezoelectric drive sensor and Agilent4294A precision impedance analyzer to measure the solid propellant admittance and characterized the HTPB aging damage by comparing the admittance spectrum change of solid propellant.
The aging of solid propellants is caused by the change of molecular structure in solid propellants, and it is found that as aging progresses, the peak value of the mechanical impedance spectrum of the propellant decreases and satisfies a linear relationship[11].
The block diagram of the system structure is shown in Figure 1, including a solid engine temperature and humidity acquisition module and air pressure measurement module, a solid propellant impedance spectrum acquisition module, a wireless transmission module, a data storage module, a microprocessor (STM32), and power supply module.
The custom shell packages the impedance detection system to improve the appearance and optimize the internal structure, making the equipment simple and portable.
Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2022, 74(11): 159-173

Introduction Tissue engineering is an emerging discipline as the multidisciplinary development of life sciences, engineering, materials science and related physics, chemistry in recent years.
When the internal material is completely converted into soluble oligomers and dissolved in an aqueous medium, it will become a kind of hollow structure composed of high polymer which its surface is not completely biodegraded, the thickness of its surface is decided by a number of factors, such as diffusion rate and an ester bond breaking speed.
When the molecular weight is smaller than water-soluble limit, the overall structure is deformed and weight loss, the sample begins to dissolve and generates soluble degradation products; If we designed the scaffolds according to different patient characteristics and the degradation time can be controllable to meet the requirements of patients, this is undoubtedly a boon to patients.
Degradation of tissue engineering scaffold factors and control methods are mainly focus on the following aspects: (1) the effect of molecular structure; (2) effects of crystallinity; (3) the influence of molecular weight; (4) the influence of pH; (5) the geometry and size effects of materials on degradation rate.
Factors such as the first, the impact of molecular structure, there is no one model relates to this; currently most researchers take 1-2 influence of factors into account in the modeling according to the process of degradation phenomena.

The precipitation, in turn, depends upon chemistry, grain structure, and entire thermomechanical history.
The analysed magnesium alloys were selected based on binary system of Mg-Li diagram (Fig. 2) characterized as single and dual phase structure.
For the alloys with 9wt.% lithium, a dual structure α-Mg+β-Li was identified.
Mazurkiewicz, Influence of high strain rates on the structure and mechanical properties of high‐manganes austenitic TWIP‐type steel.
Polok-Rubiniec, Influence of Mg addition on crystallisation kinetics and structure of the Zn-Al-Cu alloy.

XRD is the best tool to characterize the structure of high nitrile rubber hybrid composites.
The improvement in the modulus of the composites is due to strong Nitrile rubber-carbon black-halloysite nanotube interaction on the surface and inner wall of halloysite nanotubes as well as intercalated structure of Nitrile rubber-carbon black-halloysite nanotube.
The first peak for the nanocomposites (HN1 to HN5 ) is attributed to the displacement of the (001) peak to lower angles which confirm the presence of structures with limited intercalation and can be accredited to the formation of nanocomposites.
The SEM images illustrate the difference in the structure of the halloysite nanotubes and NBR hybrid composites when compared with the structure of the fibre and the polymer matrix individually.
Nallusamy, (2016), “Characterization of epoxy composites with TiO2 additives and E-glass fibers as reinforcement agent”, Journal of Nano Research, Vol. 40, pp 99-104 [4] Arcudi F et al., (2014), “Selective functionalization of halloysite cavity by click reaction: Structured filler for enhancing mechanical properties of bio nano composite films”, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, pp. 15095-15101 [5] S.

Therefore, this lighter weight concrete was introduced and widely adopted in construction applications, where saving the weight of structures is a key solution.
High moisture resistance preserves shape, size and structure after water saturation.
This can be attributed to the better dispersion of the EPS beads, acting as an impact buffer during the test, thus preserving the structure.
As illustrated in Figure 7.A, at this concentration EPS agglomerates formed, promoting points of fragility in other points of the structure, offering less mechanical resistance.
Penalvo, Critical issues hindering a widespread construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling practice in EU countries and actions to undertake: The stakeholder's perspective, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 29 (2022), 100745

The deviation of CPE2-P from 0.5 can be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of pores and fractal structure of the electrode/electrolyte interface [30].
The presence of (R3-C3) chain was observed only for materials without mesopores structure and corresponds to non-homogeneous distributed capacitance of the EDL at the interface electrode/electrolyte.
It was determined that both activation agent concentration and carbonization temperature effect on the porous structure and electrochemical performance of obtained carbons.
Qi, Surface chemistry of nanocarbon: Characterization strategies from the viewpoint of catalysis and energy conversion, Carbon 143 (2018) 915 - 936 [13] X.
Tkachev, Structure and electrical conductivity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers, Carbon 47 (2009) 1922-1929

This new multifunctional material will open a door to the development of advanced structures that distribute energy storage throughout the composite thus eliminating their current ad hoc implementation.
This new multifunctional material represents a readily deployable solution to improve the system level efficiency of high performance aerospace structures, reducing weight and serving as an enabling technology for micro aerial vehicles.
Wang, Electrical Energy Storage in Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Surface-Functionalized BaTiO3 Nanoparticles, Chemistry of Materials. 20 (2008) 6304-6306
Wang, Electrical storage in poly(vinylidene fluoride) based ferroelectric polymers: correlating polymer structure to electrical breakdown strength, Chem.

An important way to characterize the defect structure in materials is by means of self-diffusion.
Zn diffusion in nano ZnS: Geometry of the ring: ZnS nanoparticle has zinc blende structure.
But this can be a reasonable approximation because the XRD measurements on nano ZnS reveals zinc blende structure.
Basically the reaction coordinate approach is meaningful for a crystal of periodic structure.
Maruti: Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 46 (1968) 2881-2886 [5] H.