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Raw Materials: Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS) with number average molecular weight 10,000, cadmium iodide, cadmium acetate dihydrate, cadmium nitrate tetrahydarte, and cadmium chloride hydrate were obtained from Aldrich (99 % purity) and were used as received. 2.2 Synthesis of CdS in polymer matrix: To start with, the feasibility of in-situ generation of bulk CdS in polymer matrix via proposed polymer- inorganic solid- solid reaction route was explored by reacting the stated Cd-salts with PPS in equimolar quantities.
In case of PPS: CdCl2 H2O (1:1 molar ratio) scheme, the X-ray diffractogram (Fig.1, pattern 'b') suggests occurrence of mainly CdCl2 H2O (orthorhombic phase, JCPDS Card No 27-0073) and anhydrous CdCl2 (rhombohedral, JCPDS Card No 09-0401) along with hexagonal (JCPDS Card No 6-314) and cubic (JCPDS Card No 10-0454) phases of CdS.
All other peaks in the X-Ray diffractogram can be assigned to cubic (face centered) phase of CdO [JCPDS Card No,5-640].
In case of PPS: Cd(NO3)2 4H2O (1:1 molar ratio) scheme, the X-ray diffractogram (Fig.1, pattern d) reveals the formation of mainly hexagonal CdS [JCPDS Card No, 6-314] with an additional occurrence of cubic CdO as indicated by diffraction peaks corresponding to d values 2.6820Ǻ, 2.3270 Ǻ & 1.1701Ǻ.
The 'finger printing' technique with the standard JCPDS data reveals occurrence of cubic CdS in close agreement with the XRD data.

Compared with the diffraction spectra of the JCPDS card files, it showed that there contains three phases of Nbss (JCPDS card 35-0879), α-Nb5Si3 (JCPDS card 30-0874) and Ti5Si3 phases (JCPDS card 29-1362) in all the three tested samples.
Table 1 Volume fraction of the phases in three samples Volume Fractions of phases (%) Sample Number Nbss (Nb,Ti)5Si3 1 62.37 37.63 2 62.76 37.34 3 60.06 39.94 Fig. 3 Compressive stress-strain curves at 1250℃.

The XRD results of the CZTSe were analyzed by comparison with JCPDS Card number 98-006-7242.
XRD peaks were compared with JCPDS Card number 98-006-7242 and indexed.
The peaks well matched with the JCPDS Card.
The results indicate a tetragonal structure, in accordance with the JCPDS Card.
All structural parameters, for Without AGC and With-AGC films, are compared with the standard data (JCPDS Card number: 98-006-7242) as summarized in Table 1.

The pattern of Fe5C2 is end-centered monoclinic structure with reference JCPDS Card No. (89-8968).
The pattern of Fe2C is Primitive orthorhombic structure with reference JCPDS Card No. (89-5901).
The pattern of Fe7C3 is Primitive hexagonal structure with reference JCPDS Card No. (89-7273).
The pattern of Fe3C is Primitive orthorhombic structure with reference JCPDS Card No. (75-0910) Cohenite.
The pattern of Fe3O4 is face centered cubic structure with reference JCPDS Card No. (79-0417) Magnetite.

The reflection peaks, indexed with 002, 101 (labeled as ★) and 311, 400, 422, 511, 440 (labeled as ◆), corresponded to primitive hexagonal graphite-2H (PDF standard cards, JCPDS 41-1487) and faced-centered cubic nickel ferrite (PDF standard cards, JCPDS 74-2081).
The diffraction peak at 44.7 o (labeled as ▼) might correspond to primitive hexagonal diamond (PDF standard cards, JCPDS 79-1471) or primitive hexagonal carbon (PDF standard cards, JCPDS 26-1080).
Fig. 2a-b clearly indicated the presence of a large number of HCHs.
From Fig. 3a, c and d, it could be seen that the sample contained a large number of hollow carbon structures with diameters from 200 to 800 nm, which was consistent with the result observed by FESEM (Fig. 3).
Because the average bond energy of C-Br (285 kJ/mol) is much smaller than that of C-O (531.4 kJ/mol), it was suggested that the metallic Li firstly reacted with CHBr3 and produced the graphite sheets and LiBr, which would separate molten metallic Li into a large number of droplets.

It displays the characteristic diffraction peaks of vaterite (JCPDS card number (72-1717) as well as reflections of aragonite (JCPDS card number 71-2937) [7].
The products obtained in 8:1 Mg2+ to Ca2+ aqueous solution are shown in fig 3b which indicates that they are all aragonite crystals (JCPDS card number (71-2389).

When the cathode potential was −2.0 V or −2.2 V, only a basic zinc carbonate in the solid product was identified (JCPDS card No. 3-787).
It is possible that CO2 is reduced to form CO and CO32− as Eq. 1[8], which produces the basic zinc carbonate along with the anode oxidation of zinc (Eq. 2) and the reduction of trace water in solvent and CO2 (Eq. 3): 2CO2 + 2e = CO + CO32− (1) Zn = Zn2+ + 2e (2) 2H2O + 2e = H2 + 2OH− (3) 4Zn2+ + 6OH− + CO32− + H2O = Zn4(OH)6CO3×H2O (4) At potentials below −2.5 V, zinc oxalate was produced (JCPDS card No. 14-740), and its peaks enhanced with the increase of the potentials from −2.5 V to −3.5 V; at −3.0 V, zinc cyanide started to form (JCPDS card No. 88-668), and it became the main product
The amount of oxalate in the precipitate can be calculated according to the following reaction: ZnC2O4 + H2SO4 = H2C2O4 + ZnSO4 (5) 5H2C2O4 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 = 10CO2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O (6) The Faradaic efficiency for the formation of oxalate (FEoxalate) was calculated using the following equation: FEoxalate = noxalate×n×F / C (7) where noxalate is the amount of oxalate produced in moles; n represents the number of electrons required for the formation of one molecule of oxalate from CO2 (n = 2 here); F is the Faraday constant (96485 C mol−1 of electrons); C is the total charges in Coulomb passed across the Ss electrode during the electrolysis (C = 200 here).
This is because larger numbers of CO2 molecules convert to CO2·− radical anion and their dimerization becomes possible to form oxalate anion.

In principle, a number of glass-ceramic systems could be used to give the characteristics required for sealing to metals and alloys.
Materials from the Li2O-ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 system do, however offer a number of distinct advantages over other candidates.
For glass K0, the crystallization of β1-Li2ZnSiO4 (JCPDS card no.24-0679) at the first exothermic peak temperature is followed by that of Li2Al2Si3O10 (JCPDS card no.25-1183) upon heating to the second peak temperature.The transformation of β1-Li2ZnSiO4 to the more stable phase γ0- Li2ZnSiO4 (JCPDS card no.24-0677) occurs at the third exothermic peak temperature (Fig. 2 (a)).

Most the peaks of the samples can be indexed to the wurtzite phase structured ZnO (a=3.249 Å, c=5.206 Å, JCPDS card No.36-1451) and Al (JCPDS card No.89-2837).
These peaks appear to be in better match with the XRD reference pattern of the hydroxyl compound Zn5(OH)8Cl2•H2O(or ZnCl2•4Zn(OH)2•H2O, JCPDS card 7-155), and Zn(OH)2 (JCPDS card No.38-385).
This polarity is responsible for a number of the properties of ZnO, including its piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization, and is also a key factor in crystal growth, etching and defect generation.
The four most common face terminations of wurtzite ZnO are the polar Zn terminated and O terminated faces (c-axis oriented), and the non-polar (a-axis) and faces which both contain an equal number of Zn and O atoms (Fig. 4(a)).

The ZnO powders containing Ag loadings between 1 and 9 mol%, clearly showed two different characteristic diffraction patterns of the ZnO crystals in a wurtzite structure (JCPDS card number 36-1451) and a cubic structure of metallic Ag (JCPDS card number 87-0718).
On the other hand, when the Ag loading exceeded 9 mol%, the XRD pattern showed an additional XRD peak or third phase that closely matched the cubic Ag2O (JCPDS card number 41-1104).
Acknowledgments This research is supported by The Thailand Research Fund (TRF), Office of the Higher Education Commission and Prince of Songkla University under contract number MRG5480071.