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The XRD pattern confirms that the shells of the Zn/ZnO core-shell particles are composed of Wurtzite ZnO crystals.
Peak positions and relative intensities for the Zn/ZnO core-shell structure were compared to values from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card for ZnO (JCPDS PDF #36-1451) and for Zn (JCPDS PDF #04-0831).
Raw microscale Zn particles are added into water, under ultrasonic condition [7], a number of cavitation bubbles are created around the slurry of Zn and H2O.
As a number of cavitation bubbles around the slurry of Zn and H2O can continuously move, grow up and finally collapse, a lot of the formed local hot spots could cause localized highly concentrated OH and H- free radicals in the process of the formation of H2O2 by the sonolysis of H2O, and simultaneously supercritical water were produced.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the grant from Changzhou University under the contraction number ZMF1002132.

The FTIR test results demonstrated the presence of ZnO peaks around 520 cm1.
The XRD data was compared with The Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card for hexagonal wurtzite ZnO (JCPDS 036-1451) to identify the crystalline phases present in the samples.
According to the JCPDS card, the characteristic peaks for hexagonal wurtzite ZnO are located at 2θ values of approximately 31.7°, 34.4°, 36.17°, 47.5°, 56.6°, 62.2°, 66.4°, 68°, and 69.1°, corresponding to the crystallographic planes (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), and (201), respectively.
ZnO JCPDS-36-1451 (200) (100) (002) (101) (102) (110) (103) (112) (201) Fig. 3 XRD patterns of ZnO NPs synthesized by chemical reduction using Premna serratifolia Linn leaf extract at different calcination temperatures of 400, 500, and 600oC.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to convey their gratitude to DRPM Kementrian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia with contract number: 009/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2023 and 1202/PKS/ITS/2023 through “Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi” scheme.

The XRD pattern of the as-obtained ZnO was shown in Fig.1.
The much weaker intensity of the (0002) peak as compared with that in the standard JCPDS card (36-1451) provides further evidence of the tubular structure.
The weaker peaks marked with star symbol can be roughly indexed to the structure of Zinc chloride hydroxide hydrate (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·2H2O) (JCPDS 07-0155), which may imply that the ZnO tube structure come out of the transition precursor of smithsonite (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·2H2O) that easily occurs in these hydrothermal system [9].
At the second stage, the spindle-shaped nanotubes aggregate into peculiar micro bundles by self assembly way due to the polarity and polar growth mechanism of ZnO, which can be described as a number of alternating planes composed of O2- and Zn2+ ions in tetrahedral coordination, staked alternately along the c axis.
The growth mechanism scheme of the mesoporous ZnO microtubes.

The nano-sized ZnO particles are of a hexagonal structure and all the diffraction peaks can be well indexed to the hexagonal phase ZnO reported in JCPDS card (No. 36-1451, a = 0.3249 nm, c = 0.5206 nm).
This is attributed to the chitosan-ZnO quantum size effect.
The SEM image of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposites are shown in Fig.4a &b.
Sample I show that the surface morphology was observed the number particle with small number rod like structure is obtained (Fig.4a).Sample II show that agglomeration of particle and some small rod is obtained (Fig.4b).
Fig. 4c & d show that the TEM image of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposites are observed rod like and more number of particles are noted.

There are a number of reports devoted to the investigation of structural properties of ZnO deposited by different methods [18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
The lattice constants of the thinnest ZnO layers (τ = 30 min) were a = 0.32486 nm, c = 0.52087 nm (Table 1), which were smaller than the reference values (a = 0.3256 nm, c = 0.5212 nm) [23, JCPDS 79-0207].
[23] Selected Powder Diffraction Data for Education Straining (Search manual and data cards), Published by the International Centre for diffraction data, 432 (1997).
[32] Selected Powder Diffraction Data for Education Straining (Search manual and data cards), Published by the International Centre for diffraction data, 432 (1997).
JCPDS 024-1460 [33] A.

XRD pattern of ZnO thin film with JCPDS card data, (b) VESTA structure of ZnO on Si substrate, (c) XRD pattern of MoS2/ZnO thin film heterostructure and (d) VESTA structure of MoS2/ZnO thin film heterostructure on Si substrate.
In Fig. 2(a) the ZnO pattern shows well-defined peaks of (100), (101), and (103) planes, matching with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card number (01-075-1533) from the X’pert Highscore database [19].
The space group of the matched ZnO crystal structure is P63mc with group number 186.
X’pert Highscore databases (JCPDS # 01–075-1533 and JCPDS # 01–074-0932) match with the XRD data of ZnO and MoS2, respectively.
XRD pattern of Sulphur source with matched JCPDS card.

Introduction Nanometer ZnO[1-8] and nanometer SnO2[9-15] show special and excellent physical-chemical performance of biological and chemical, optical, electrical and other aspects owing to small particle size, large specific surface area, obvious surface and interface effects of nanometer material.
Study finds nanometer ZnO has excellent UV absorption, but a single powder is not good enough when it is used.
UV- shielding properties of nanometer SnO2 have some, but much smaller than that of nanometer ZnO.
The following characterizations demonstrate that the structure of prepared material is nanometer composite powder by coating. 3.2 XRD analysis Fig.2(a) shows XRD pattern of composite powder(S1) ,which is consistent with that of JCPDS card No. 005-0664.It indicates that the synthesized composite powder(S1) is crystallized and the diffraction peaks could be indexed to the hexagonal structure (space group p63mc,JCPDS card No. 005-0664).
Acknowledgement The authors gratefully thank Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province for supporting this project (contract number: 20100334).

The XRD pattern confirms that the shells of the Zn/ZnO core-shell structures are composed of wurtzite ZnO crystals.
Peak positions and relative intensities for the Zn/ZnO core-shell structure were compared to values from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card for ZnO (JCPDS PDF #36-1451) and for Zn (JCPDS PDF #04-0831).
It suggests that the content of ZnO shells in the Zn/ZnO core-shell composites obtained by electric cooker can be more due to the continuous boiling.
The XRD pattern confirmed that the shells of the Zn/ZnO core-shell structures were composed of wurtzite ZnO crystals.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the grant from Changzhou University under the contraction number ZMF1002132.

Moreover, the as-prepared ZnO were assembled by large numbers of interleaving nanosheets and formed an open porous structure.
All samples matched closely with their characteristic peaks according to the database of the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS).
Hexagonal ZnO, monoclinic WO3 (JCPDS 72-1465) and monoclinic Nb2O5 (JCPDS file No. 37-1468) were the major phases detected on the XRD patterns.
The diffraction peaks of 31.8o (100), 34.4o (002), 36.3o (101), 47.5o (102), 56.5o(110), 62.8o (103), 66.3o (200), 67.9o (112) and 69.2o (201) can be indexed to wurtzite ZnO (JCPDS Card No. 36-1451).
EDX spectra of (b) WO3/ZnO and (c) Nb2O5/ZnO.

ZNO NANORODS BY A SIMPLE TWO STEP PROCESS W.
All the peaks of the nanorods can be indexed to the ZnO (JCPDS Card No. 36-1451) with wurtzite phase.
It can be clearly seen from Fig. 2a, that the sample has large number of nanorod like structures along with some agglomerations, which may have formed due to over accumulation of Zinc dust which we have added in order to initiate the nucleation.
Fig. 2 SEM images of ZnO nanorods a b 3c.
Optical Analysis Fig. 3 PL spectra of ZnO nanorods The room temperature PL spectrum of ZnO nanorods is shown in Fig. 3.