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Effects of Nanoclay on the Tensile Strength and Microstructure of Tigernut Fibre- Epoxy Composites (NFPCs) ADEODU Adefemi Omowole1,a*, DANIYAN Ilesanmi Afolabi2,b, ADEWUMI Funmilayo Deborah3,c, OGWARA George4,d and ADEWALE Monisola4,e 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa 3Department of Industrial Chemistry, Afe Babalola University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria aengrcharles520ca@gmail.com, bDaniyanIA@tut.ac.za, cadewumudf@abuad.edu.ng, dogwarage@abuad.edu.ng, eadewalems@abuad.edu.ng Keywords: Microstructure, Natural fibres, Nanoclay, Nanomaterials, Tigernut fibres Abstract.
The chemical compositions of NFs show that they are naturally rigid and complicated structures with crystalline cellulose micro fibril reinforced amorphous lignin with hemicellulose matrix [10].
Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions, New York: Wiley Interscience 1971
Lopresto, Low Impact Behaviour of Hemp Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites, Composite Structures 133 (2015) 892–901. doi:10.1016/j. compstruct.2015.08.029

John’s University of Tanzania, Department of chemistry 2Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Nairobi, Kenya. 3National Commission for UNESCO of the united republic of Tanzania 4Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania arubaka.ccc@gmail.com, bjgathirwa@gmail.com, chmalebo@gmail.com, dhulda.swai@nm-aist.ac.tz, easkwar.hilonga@nm-aist.ac.tz.
A liposome is a small vesicle that mimics the structure of the cell membrane [13].
Other studies reported the ability of the lipid bilayer structure to fuse with an infectious pathogen, which was attributed to enhanced antimicrobial activity as compared to free extract [12, 31].
Bordes, Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure–activity relationship) models, Front. 

However, the layer by layer build structure of ALM components also introduces a complex and component specific microstructure arising from the rapid cooling rates resulting from the build parameters and geometries, which hence influence the mechanical properties.
Furthermore, the local properties of components manufactured through ALM processes can also be influenced by the chemistry and geometry of the powder feed stock, as well as the input parameters of the process.
Given the complexities of ALM structures, there is now a major demand from industry to understand and characterise the local mechanical properties of discrete locations in intricate build geometries.
Baxter, Application of Small Punch Test Methods to Advanced Manufactured Structures, The 3rd International SSTT Conference: Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and other Miniature Testing Techniques (2014) 170–178

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Purine-Phenoxazine and Purine-Phenothiazine Conjugates Armands Sebrisa, Kaspars Traskovskisb, Irina Novosjolovac and Māris Turksd* Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena street 3/7, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia aarmands.sebris_1@rtu.lv, bKaspars.Traskovskis@rtu.lv, cirina.novosjolova@rtu.lv, d*maris.turks@rtu.lv Keywords: purine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.
Abstract: Electron donating phenoxazine and phenothiazine groups were introduced in an electron deficient purine structure through a benzene ring bridge to facilitate thermally activated delayed fluorescence.

This indicates that the addition of zeolite can enhance the concrete's ability to resist tensile forces, making it suitable for structures requiring high tensile strength.
Obuseng, “A Review of the Chemistry, Structure, Properties and Applications of Zeolites,” Am.

- Description of the porous medium structure and evolution : While many studies consider geometries as simple as a single pore [25,30], Ofori & Sotirchos [31] discuss extensively the influence of the structural model, i.e. the evolution laws for surface area �v, and tortuosity factors with respect to diffusion, Knudsen diffusion and viscous flow.
They show that bimodal pore structures are a good compromise between reactivity and accessibility. - Definition of the resolution domain : Most of the studies are devoted to the density evolution in the preform itself ; however, the interaction with the surrounding gas flow has been studied [32,33,34,35].
- Degree of numerical effort : Large-mesh simulations with detailed physics have been produced (e.g. [32]), and they are a powerful tool for process scale-up and control; however many works have focused on a 1D simulation restricted to the preform, which is numerically much lighter and manage to provide useful information; with further simplifications on the physics and chemistry, analytical estimates for infiltration time and quality have been produced [36,37].
It has been used successfully to characterize the structure of SiC fibre cloth lay-up preforms at macro-pore scale (pixel size of 15.6 mm) [57,58].

Introduction Titanium alloys have a widespread use as engineering material in medical, space, marine, energy, chemistry and automotive applications due to their superior mechanical and physical properties [1-6].
Although double layer coatings have an important position in industrial applications, multilayer structures are widely preferred in the production of hard coatings due to their improved mechanical properties [19].
The tools and test plates were rotated in a threefold rotation state to obtain a nano-scale structure and also to make the film thickness distribution through the substrates constant as in Refs. [23, 24].
This shows the effect of nanolayered structures on the improvement of the adhesion of hard coatings to substrate [24].

Lattice parameters of ferrite and cementite are refined using Rietveld structure refinement procedure using “Full PROF” commercial software package [21].
Cementite dissolution in the as-drawn wire specimens has been investigated by quantitative estimation of the cementite/ferrite phase along with the crystal structure refinement procedure.
The coordinates of iron and carbon atoms in cementite structure were taken as per the values reported in ref. [27].
Curry, Physical Chemistry of Metals, Chap. 16, McGraw-Hill Publ.

Chuchuh Campus, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia 3Department of Science in Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia aahmadanas@unimap.edu.my , bjeanniejane0707@gmail.com , ccmhisham@unimap.edu.my, dabdulaziz@iium.edu.my, erizana@uitm.edu.my, ffadhilnor@unimap.edu.my Keywords: antifungal activity, Melaleuca alternifolia, essential oil, postharvest Abstract.
Fig. 2 Infrared spectrum of essential oil extracted from Melaleuca Alternifolia Table 2 Structure and functional groups of target compounds Compound Functional Group Present Structure References Terpinen-4-ol OH C=C CH [14] γ-Terpinene C=C CH [11] α-Terpinene C=C CH [11] 1,8-Cineole CH C-C R-O-R [13] Terpinolene CH C=C C-C [12] In-Vitro Antifungal Activity Tests The in-vitro antifungal activity tests were conducted using the poisoned food technique and the standard agar disc diffusion method.
However, the result of the essential oil for in-vitro test might show higher antifungal effect compared to the in-vitro test’s, this might relate to the structure of the fruit itself.

Adsorption of Alizarin Red from Aqueous Solution Using Ultra-fine Fly Ash Beigang Lia and Liyuan Zhao b Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, Peoples R China alibeigang_1964@126.com, bzhaoliyuan_1985@126.com Keywords: Alizarin red; adsorption kinetics; adsorption thermodynamics; isotherms; ultra-fine fly ash.
As an extended application, FA has been used for the treatment of environmental wastewater [12, 13] with great success due to its unique chemical composition, abundance, low cost and commercially availability, large surface area, porous structure and high adsorption capacity, compared with high-cost activated carbon.
The color of AR in aqueous solution is strongly pH-dependent due to its structure transformation.
At the same time, the appearance of characteristic absorption band located at 1684 cm-1 was observed and this peak might be caused by the C=O stretching vibration from the structure of the Alizarin Red molecule.