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References [1] El-Shekeil Y.A., Sapuan S.M., Jawaid M., Al-Shuja O.M..
[7] El-Shekeil Y.A., Sapuan S.M., Abdan K., Zainudin E.S.

In multiphase materials, the stresses measured with diffraction methods on a particular phase α are superpositions of externally applied stresses σext, macrostresses σmacro, elastic interaction stresses ∆(el) σ (α) (coupled to the macrostresses) and residual phase microstresses ∆(res) σ (α) , )()()()( )( α α α σ σ σσσ res el macro ext tot ∆+∆++=
Following, for instance, Van Acker et al. [1], this complementarity is used in the present study to reveal both the residual phase microstresses arising during plastic deformation of pearlitic steel due to the different plastic properties of ferrite and cementite, and the macrostresses.

Wang et al. have reported the high binding energy of carbon impurity to nickel grain boundary [18], thus, the solute carbon could be easily segregate to the grain boundary.
Gad-el-Hak, The MEMS Handbook, CRC/Taylor & Francis Boca Raton, Florida, 2006
El-Sherik, U.

The confinement effects provided by the lateral transverse reinforcement are included through the model introduced by Mander et al. [9], which assumed constant confining pressure throughout the entire stress-strain range.
Ground motion Duration Station Year PGA 1 El Centro 50 sec San Diego, USA 1940 0.35 g 2 Northridge 60 sec Arleta and Nordhoff Fire Station, USA 1994 0.60 g 3 Parkfield 30 sec Cholame, Shandon, USA 1966 0.24 g 4 49 OLY 40 sec Olympia, WA, USA 1965 0.28 g 5 Kern 55 sec Taft Lincoln School Tunnel, USA 1952 0.16 g 6 Loma Prieta 40 sec Corralitos, USA 1989 0.28 g 7 San Fernando 60 sec 8244 Orion Blvd., USA 1971 0.28 g 8 Kobe 50 sec Takatori, Japan 1995 0.35 g 9 Chi-Chi 37 sec Unknown, Taiwan 1999 0.36 g 10 Friulli 20 sec Unknown, Italy 1976 0.48 g 11 Hollister 15 sec City Hall, USA 1974 0.12 g 12 Sakaria 20 sec Sakaria, Turkey 1999 0.63 g Using SeismoStruct software, nonlinear time history analysis was conducted on each structure using certain ground motion with PGA scaled incrementally up to 1.0g using a step of 0.1 g.
El-Shami.

Shift toward more sparing surgery occurred mainly in the last three decades, thanks to the works of Lindberg [15], Byers et al. [9] Shah [3], which described general laws of lymphatic drainage.
Chizhevskaya, E.L.
[4] E.L.

Rahvard et al. [22] fabricated such a gradient for a cylindrical sample.
Arsha et al. [25, 26] designed, fabricated and evaluated the performance of FGM automotive piston.
The two different weights of Al were put on such a small divided tanks with two stoppers.
El-Wazery, A.
El-Desouky, A review on functionally graded ceramic-metal materials.

Introduction Due to the large surface to volume ratios, nano/micro-structured materials have been predicted and demonstrated to be excellent functional material candidates for catalysis, magnetic applications, rechargeable batteries, ultrasensitive sensors, et al [1-10].
El-Sharkawy, I.
El-Sharkawy, A.
El-Midany, I.

Maximum grain refinement is achieved by applying early fast-cooling mode in the laminar cooling section [15]. 45 50 55 60 65 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1080 0C 1100 0C 1060 0C Case Study Acc. to Fernandez et al.
Mechanical properties of X52 hot strip Gauge [mm] YS [MPa] UTS [MPa] El (A5) [%] YS ratio [%] Trial 488 544 26.0 0.9 6 510 552 25.8 0.92 Trial 10 446 501 25.2 0.89 API X52 / X60 / X65 ≥ 359 / 414 / 448 ≥ 455 / 517 / 531 ≥ 20 / 18 / 18 - The excellent toughness properties are further underlined by the notch-bar impact results.
El-Bitar, K.
El-Kady and G.

Yu et al has reported that the [Gly]Cl was of the best dissolvability and assistant degradation for chitosan among all the Gly series ionic liquids [13].
El-Sayed, S.
El-Sawy, H.
El-Rehim, A.

Abd El-Wahab, A.A.
Al-Shemy, Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from lignocellulosic materials.
El-Sakhawy, M.L.
Abd El-Azizc, O.