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More specifically, refs. [2, 3] are focused on forced convection regime, while the mixed convection of a nanofluid (with various types of nanoparticles) has been pointed out by by Barletta et al., in [5], with reference to porous media and by Mehrez et al., in ref. [4], with reference to an open cavity.
El Cafsi, A.
Al-Kouz, M.
El Hassan, A.A.

The Al and Ti atomic number ratio of TiAlN coating is 1 ∶1.
In summary, in the entire machining process, the workpiece of flank face, coating materials and oxygen molecules in the air have strong oxidation reaction under high temperature environment, which generates rather abrasive Al2O3,complex mixed oxide types (Al,Ti)x Oy and FeOx.
Abou-El-Hossein, K.
[8] Tsutomu Ikeda: Phase formation and characterization of hard coatings in the Ti-Al-N system prepared by the cathodic are ion plating method Thin Solid Films.
Abou-El-Hossein: Tool life and wear mechanism when machining Hastelloy C-22HS.

El-Agawany, M.S.
Al-Hada, Inflfluence of gamma radiation on the structural and optical properties of thulium-doped glass, Mater.
El-Sherbiny, S.
Al-Buriahi, N.
Al-Fakih, S.

Charunyaorn et al.[8] developed a model to predict the laminar MPCM slurry flow in a heated circular duct and showed about 2–4 times increase of the Nusselt number compared with single phase fluid flow.
Goel et al.[9] conducted the heat transfer test of laminar MPCM flow in a heated circular pipe and confirmed the validity of numerical results of Charunyaorn et al.
Other related numerical investigations of laminar MPCM slurries flow include the works of Zhang and Faghri,[10] Alisetti and Roy,[11] Hu and Zhang,[12] and Ho et al.[13].
Choi et al.[14] measured the local pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient of turbulent phase change emulsion flow (mixture of water and PCM with additive of emulsion) with 10% particle mass concentration in a horizontal tube with constant heating rates.
[11] Alisetti EL, Roy SK.

Al Aji, Y.
Al-Raad, M.M.
El-Shazly, A.A.
Al-Zahrani, Y.A.
El-Naas, M.

Table1 The Relative Error of Every Calculation Formula Sequence Number Name of formula Average relative error DN50 DN65 DN80 Average of Three Pipelines 1 Formula 1 3.80% 5.31% 3.63% 4.39% 2 Formula 2 7.79% 3.99% 2.10% 4.65% 3 Colebrook Formula 4.67% 8.13% 6.38% 6.59% 4 Haalan Formula 4.10% 6.67% 4.68% 5.34% 5 Miller Formula 4.98% 8.82% 7.12% 7.18% 6 Qingyun Xiao formula 5.85% 5.86% 3.51% 5.22% 7 Yuzhen Gu Formula 4.45% 6.50% 4.67% 5.37% 8 Blasius Formula 4.67% 8.57% 6.94% 6.92% 9 Nikuradze Formula 7.72% 9.31% 7.69% 8.38% 10 Anderson formula 5.17% 7.15% 5.13% 5.99% 11 Jiaqi Dai Formula 5.39% 3.54% 2.37% 3.79% 12 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Formula 4.57% 7.77% 5.98% 6.30% 13 Less Formula 4.34% 6.81% 4.96% 5.54% 14 Drew et al.
Formula 15.19% 7.10% 8.52% 9.98% 15 IGT Formula 3.68% 4.49% 3.29% 3.91% 16 Towler Improved Formula 3.92% 4.63% 3.38% 4.07% 17 Brill et al Formula 4.35% 7.29% 5.50% 5.89% 18 Alitesuli Formula 4.45% 7.41% 5.61% 6.01% 19 Wood formula 3.98% 5.48% 3.33% 4.43% 20 Hiden-William formula 8.50% 3.81% 6.36% 5.95% Known from the above table, the average relative error of formula 1, formula 2, Jiaqi Dai formula, IGT formula, Towler Improved formula and Wood formula is less than 5%, which all can be used to do the hydraulic calculation of glass fiber reinforced plastic pipelines.
El-Emam: Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology.

Fig. 1 was presented by Al-Rawajfeh [19] and it shows a schematic representation of the carbonate system in gas, liquid and solid phase.
References [1] Renato Baciocchi, Giulia Costa, Alessandra Polettini, etc: Energy Procedia Vol.1 (2009), p. 4851–4858 [2] Hongqun Yang, Zhenghe Xu, Maohong Fan, etc: Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.20(2008), p.14–27 [3] Valentina Prigiobbe, Alessandra Polettini, Renato Baciocchic: Chemical Engineering Journal Vol.148 (2009), p. 270–278 [4] Khalid Al-Anezi, Nidal Hilal: Desalination Vol.204 (2007), p. 385–402 [5] Shouzhi Yi, Yingying Ma, Xiaocong Wang, etc: Desalination Vol. 239 (2009), p. 247–256 [6] Samir El-Manharawya, Azza Hafezb: Desalination Vol.153 (2002), p. 109-I20. [7] Markus Hanchen, Valentina Prigiobbe, Renato Baciocchi, etc: Chemical Engineering Science Vol. 63(2008), p.1012–1028 [8] Chenghuan Qin, Wei Ma: Chemical Engineering Journal Vol.156 (2010), p. 540–545 [9] H.M.
Al-Zoubi: Separation Science and Technology Vol. 40(2005), p. 3299–3321 [15] Al-Rawajfeh, A.E.
In Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakulta¨ t; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, avail. [16] DOE, in: Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, edtied by Dickson, A.G.and Goyet, (1994) [17] IAEA : Chemistry of Carbonic Acid in Water(2003) [18] Al-Rawajfeh, A.E., Glade, H., and Ulrich, J: Desalination Vol.156 (2003), p. 109–123 [19] Glade, H: Transport und Reaktion von Kohlendioxid in Entspannungsverdampfern zur Meerwasserentsalzung; University of Bremen, Series 3, No. 699(2001)

Lin et al. [7] demonstrated that silver nanowires with diameters in the range of 50～60 nm could be synthesized with Cassia fistula leaf extract at room temperature.
For example，Jia et al. [10] obtained different sizes of Pd nanoparticles （PdNPs） by Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract by varying the reaction temperature.
XPS analysis was performed on an American Perkin-Elmer PHI-1600 with a monochromatised microfocused Al X-ray source.
Samarangense leaf extract are flavanones, ellagitannins, flavonol glycosides, triterpenoids and chalcones et al [15].
El-Sayed: Chem.

Silva et al. (2011) used glasses doped with NPs to increase the radiative and nonlinear properties as compared with the un-doped counterparts.
The effects of gold NPs and silver NPs incorporation in Er3+ doped tellurite glasses and the coupling of optically active Er3+ ions with plasmon modes of silver NPs or gold NPs are investigated by Rivera et al. (2011).
The same results are report by S.K Singh et al. (2010) with the existence of sharp endothermic peak due to the presence of silver NPs.
Al-Saleh, A.
El-Mallawany , M.

The effective area of the final devices was 10mm2. 1 2, 3 4 Fig.1 Schematic of OLED construction The steady-state current-voltage-luminescence (I-V-L) characteristics and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the device were measured using 814 photomultiplier detection system Photon Technology International (PTI) under ambient environment at room temperature.
Results and discussions Cell structures were fabricated by sandwiching the PEDOT:PSS film and nanocomposites of MWNTs modified PEDOT:PSS film between two electrodes (ITO and Al) to examine their electrical properties.
Al (100nm) Alq3 (60nm) TPD (60nm) Nanocomposites of MWNT modified PEDOT:PSS (80nm) ITO PET Al (100nm) Nanocomposites of MWNT modified PEDOT:PSS (80nm) ITO PET Al (100nm) Alq3(60nm) TPD (60nm) ITO PET 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 Current (mA) Voltage (V) PEDOT:PSS PEDOT:PSS:0.4 wt.% MWCNTs Fig.2 Current-voltage characteristics of the PEDOT:PSS film and nanocomposites of MWNTs modified PEDOT:PSS with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS (MWNTs)/Al -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 Current density (mA/cm2 ) Voltage (V) device 1 device 2 device 3 Fig. 3 Current-voltage characteristics curve of device 1, 2, 3 Conclusions In conclusion, nanocomposites of MWNT modified PEDOT:PSS were examined and used as hole injection layer of OLEDs in this research.