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Coarse-graining molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for deformation and fracture problems in polycarbonate.
Methodology Coarse-Grained Particle Model.
Table 2 lists molar mass, the number of molecules and the number of CG particles in each simulation cell.
The number of molecules in each smaller simulation cell was adjusted in order that the total number of PC monomers (the number of CG particles) was close nearly identical among the simulation cells.
Fig. 5: Stress-strain relationships obtained with various number-average molar masses.

The grain size(D) was calculated using Debye-Scherrer formula.
It was found that the average grain size increases, when the molar concentration increases.
It may be observed that there are three orientations identified as (100),(002) and (101) planes at diffraction angles 31.79◦, 34.48◦, 36.30◦ for the samples with molarities from 0.025M to 0.075M.The number of peaks increases for 0.1M concentration.
The films grown at 0.05M had hexagonal grains.
The grain boundary density increases with increasing Zinc concentration [21].

Ferrite grain size is one of the most important microstructural parameters in steels which can be appropriately adjusted to cause a significant strengthening effect.
Thermomechanical processing is an effective method for ferrite grain refinement in microalloyed steels.
This is due to increased number of nucleation sites for ferrite phase, e.g. deformation bands within the austenite grains [9].
Fig. 3-B obviously shows one polygonal ferrite with approximate grain size of 10 μm, the most demanding phase in favorable microstructure. 3.
Specimen numbers are given in Fig. 2.

The atomic number contrast afforded by BSE imaging displays that the secondary phases with bright contrast contain elements with higher atomic numbers than α-Mg.
A great number of second phases are precipitated in the alloy with Zn addition increasing.
It is noted that a great number of Mg12ZnEr phases with 18R LPSO structure precipitate at grain boundaries.
The LPSO phase possesses excellent plasticity and toughness, so it can relieve a large number of local strains and lead to a relatively homogeneous plastic deformation[15].
The addition of Zn effectively decreases the grain size of as-cast alloys

The coating thickness varied, in the range of 3~20 µm, with the deposition conditions of the shot number of pulsed plasma, and the voltages between the inner and outer electrodes of the coaxial gun.
The grain sizes of the coating were small (<100nm), much finer than those of the substrate (>2 µm).
Except for TiN-Si3N4 system, no apparent columnar grain structure as presented predominantly in typical vapor deposited coatings was observed.
The grain sizes of the coating were very small, much finer than those of the substrate
(4) Except for TiN-Si3N4 system, no apparent columnar grain structure presented.

The shared resource protected by coarse lock contains the resource protected by fine-grained lock.
There are coarse grained lock and fine-grained lock.
The smaller fine-grained lock protects shared-resource, the shorter lock contend time.
Fine-grained lock can decrease the time queued shared resources.
Distribute Queue component sets the number of local queue according to the number of threads and gets bulk tasks from shared sub-queues into the local queue from which thread can get task and implement.

In terms of γ variant statistics, mixing results from different grains does not make sense.
Thus, the data reported in Table 1.b only correspond to measurements within one grain.
Observations in other grains are coherent with them.
a) γ/γγ/γγ/γγ/γ interfaces As-Cast (two grains) total number of interfaces 298 Interfaces 180o(T) 120o(OD) 60o(PT) number 161 93 44 Exper. % 54.03 31.21 14.77 Pseudo random % 27.32 36.38 36.30 κκκκ 2 factor 118 b) γ/αγ/αγ/αγ/α2222/γ/γ/γ/γ sequences As-Cast (two grains) total number of sequences 95 γ γ γ γ vs γγγγ misorientation 180 o(T) 120o(OD) 60 o(PT) 0o number 10 29 25 31 Exper. % 10.53 30.53 26.32 32.63 Pseudo random % 21.38 28.46 28.40 21.77 κκκκ 2 factor 10.67 Table 2: Data relative to the nature of γ|γ interfaces (a) and of γ|α2|γ sequences (b) in the as-cast sample 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 180° 120° 60° ZGHNC97-PST ZGHNC97-Ti46Al CHESM02 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb coarse Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb fine Interface frequency (%) interface type random random random Figure 3 : Comparison between the γ|γ interface frequencies measured in the present study with results from previous studies and with expected frequencies in case of randomness
The average number of γ lamellae between α2 is found to drop to 1.36.

Vanadium addition promoted the precipitation of carbides both in ferrite grains and at its grain boundaries.
Angular carbides were also found in other vanadium alloyed specimens but the number of dot-like carbides decreased with the increase of chromium contents.
On the contrary to as cast specimens, vanadium alloyed specimens having higher chromium contents after annealing had a large number of dot-like carbides in ferrite grains.
Fig. 3 Grain sizes of annealed specimens.
The addition of vanadium promoted the formation of angular carbides in ferrite grains and at its grain boundaries.

(3) The grain number of unit volume: =
(4) The grain number of unit area [2]:
(8) Numbers of dynamic grains on the grinding area per unit time:
This is because the average normal force per grain is less than the holding force for a single grain .With the conduct of the grinding, grains gradually become dull and grinding force increase.
Fig. 4(b) Thickness change under different grain volume ratios.

The overall microstructure model has been validated based on a number of laboratory simulations of the entire hot strip rolling and controlled cooling process with an emphasis on industrially relevant run-out table cooling strategies. 1.
Saturated aqueous picric acid was used to reveal austenite grain boundaries.
Austenite grain growth Austenite grain growth studies were primarily been conducted to establish suitable reheating conditions for subsequent deformation and transformation studies.
The effect of grain size, however, is negligible.
To validate the transformation model as the critical part of the proposed microstructure model a number of selected stepped cooling tests have been conducted replicating industrial run-out-table cooling strategies.