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The major causes of propagation losses in deposited waveguides are surface scattering and absorption by the materials.
Semiconductor Materials and Process Technology Handbook, Noyes Publications, New Jersey, (1988)
[2] A.A.J Al-Douri, The influence of substrate temperature on the optical losses of ZnS film, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, Vol. 4 No. 6 (1986), 2477-2481
Pal, Surface morphology and optical properties of ZnS thin films, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 39 (1995), 167-173
Reddy, Thickness effect on the microstructure, morphology and optoelectronics properties of ZnS films, Journal of Physics: Condensed Materials, Vol. 20 (2008), 1-10

Ishida: Materials Science and Engineering A 273 (1999), p. 106
Quandt: Materials Science and Engineering A 378 (2004), p. 40
Miyazaki: Materials Science and Engineering 378 (2004), p. 205
Liu: Materials Transactions, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2006), p. 639
Krevet: Materials Transactions Vol. 43, No. 5 (2002), p. 1030

Nithish, "Design and Optimization of FS Vehicle Upright," International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, vol. 10, 2020 [8] P.
Deshpande, "Design, analysis, and optimization of an FSAE upright," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1166, no. 1, p. 012043, 2021/07/01 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1166/1/012043
Mahesh and N.Sateesh, "Topology optimization using solid isotropic material with penalization technique for additive manufacturing," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 4, (2), pp. 1414-1422, 2017.
Sherman, "Light weight materials for automotive applications," Materials Characterization, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 3–9, 1995
Lampman, Metals handbook. vol. 2: Properties and selection: Nonferrousalloys and special-purpose materials, 10th ed., vol. 2.

ZnO materials have being researched in recent 30 years as a hot topic.
Recent advances in ZnO materials and devices [J].Materials Science and Engineering B, 2001, 80(1-3):383-387 [3]Look D C, Hemsky J W, Sizelove J R.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2005, 282(2):403-407 [7]Wei Z P, Lu Y M, Shen D Z, et al.
Journal of Crystal Growth, 2008, 310(23):5020-5024 [19]Moriyama T, Fujita S.
Study on Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering Process for Preparing Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films[J].Materials Review B: Research papers, 2012, 26(11):47-50(in Chinese) [35]Chen X, Guan W J, Fang G J et al.

A great deal of attention in manufacturing engineering has been focused on finishing operations of hard and brittle materials in recent years.
Larger abrasive particles makes deeper scratches, and more material removal.
Fig. 1 Main Effect plot for Change in Surface Roughness Fig. 2 Main Effect plot for Material Removal Response Surface Analysis for Change in Surface Roughness and Material Removal.
[3] Girma Berhanu, Jushi Suhas S, Raghuram M.V.G.S: Mechanical Science and Technology Vol. 10, (2006), p. 323
[4] Yin Shaohui, Shinmura Takeo: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture Vol. 44 (2004), p. 383.

Chinese Journal of Energy Materials, 2007,15(3):235～239 [2] TU Shan.The Study of Improving the Mechanical Properties of the New-type Gun-propellant[J].
Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2010 [3] ZHAO Yi, HUANG Zhen-ya.
Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants,2005,28(3): 1～3 [4] WANG.
Beijing: Science and Technology of China Press. 1992: 87～91 [5] WU Hai-shun.
Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology,1994

In this case, the cable is considered as one of the most important materials and used usually most frequently.
Span is bigger, the performance of the material is more and more adequately ,the cost is more and more economic and the mechanical performce is more and more reasonable.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51178205) , Youth Science and Technology Development Fund of Jilin Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute, Doctoral Scientific Research Fund of Jilin Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute and Jilin province science and technology development project(201201104).
Journal of Jilin Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute, 19(2),(2002),p,1~2 [2] Liu YX, Lv ZT.
Journal of Building Structures. 19(6),(1998)p:1 [3] Zhang QL.

Preliminary Observation on Macro Texture of Nb3Sn Low Temperature Superconductor (LTS) Andika Widya Pramono Research Centre for Metallurgy – Indonesian Institute of Sciences Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Building 470 Serpong 15314 – Indonesia E-mail: andika_pram@yahoo.com Keywords: Nb3Sn, macro texture, pole figures, recovery – recrystallisation, inter-diffusion ABSTRACT The macro texture of Nb3Sn superconductor was observed in order to identify the tendency of crystallographic orientation of such A15 compound.
However due to its brittleness, the key aspect in producing A3B material is to utilize ductile precursors which are heat treated at the final stage to form A15 compounds through the solid state diffusion.
CONCLUSION · The crystallographic orientations of Nb3Sn for both green compact and sintered samples show the strong textures in {112}-pole figures · The intensity of Nb3Sn textures decrease from green compact sample to sintered sample, probably due to the mechanism of recovery – recrystallisation following the Nb-Sn interdiffusion process during sintering ACKNOWLEDGMENT Highest appreciation is given to: · Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for its Competitive Research Grant 2010 – 2011 regarding “The Manufacture of Nb3Sn Superconducting Wire through Nano-Powder-In-Tube Method for the Solenoid Application in MRI” · The superconductor team of Research Centre for Metallurgy – LIPI (attn: Dr.
Okamoto: “Nb-Sn (Niobium-Tin)”, Journal of Phase Equilibria, Vol. 24 No. 4, 2003, p. 380 [3] A.
Madsen: “Experimental work on the niobium-tin constitution diagram and related studies”, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 5 No. 7, 1970, pp. 580 – 603 [5] L.

Hetmanczyk1d 1Silesian University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland am_goral@interia.pl, bgrzegorz.moskal@polsl.pl, clucjan.swadzba@polsl.pl, dmarek.hetmanczyk@polsl.pl Keywords: titanium aluminides, based on TiAl; titanium silicides;.
The alloys based on the intermetallic phases from Ti-Al system are materials which, on the grounds of their resistance characteristics, could be widely used in automotive and aerospace applications.
The main problem in the application of these materials is, apart from their high manufacturing costs, their relatively low oxidation resistance in temperatures above 800 oC. [1,2].
[3] Munoro T.C., Gleeson B., Materials Science Forum, Vol 251-254, 1997, pp. 753-760 [4] Xiang Z.
K., Journal of Materials Science Volume: 38, Issue: 1, January 2003, pp. 19 - 28 [5] Xiong, H.P., Xie, Y.H.; Mao, W., Ma, W.L.; Chen, Y.F.; Li, X.H.; Cheng, Y.Y., Scripta Materialia Vol. 49, Issue: 11, Dec. 2003, pp. 1117-1122 [6] Swadzba L., Maciejny A., Mendala B., Moskal G., Jarczyk G.

Effect Of Different Mineral Admixtures On Sulfate Attack to Mortars Quan-Lin Niu1,a Nai-Qian Feng 2,b 1 College Of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo Shandong, 255049 P.R.
Experimental Materials.
ACI materials journal, Vol.100 (2003), pp.426-433
ACI materials journal, Vol. 87(1990), pp.547－555
ACI materials journal, Vol. 85(1988): pp.148-157