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The overall process is a combination of sol-gel and supramolecular chemistry [3, 4].
Characterization of this material by X-ray diffraction of small angle X-ray scattering shows that an ordered structure has been formed.
The possibility to observe order in the pore walls, i.e. crystalline structures, depends on composition and processing conditions.
Conclusions Mesoporous thin films are an important class of bottom-up fabricated nano-structured materials.
[4] See the Special Issue of Chemistry of Materials dedicated to Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials, 2005

The resulted TiO2 aerogel fibers showed mesoporous and anatase structure.
The pore structure was characterized by N2 adsorption at 77K (ASAP 2020, Micrometrics).
It can be found that the TiO2 fibers have well-developed pore structure with uniform pore size.
The PVP/TiO2 composite fiber (Fig. 4a) shows the amorphous structure.
Wendorff, Electrospinning: A Fascinating Method for the Preparation of UltrathinFibers, General & Introductory Chemistry. 46 (2007) 5670–5673

Dye Mixtures Degradation by Multi-Phase BiVO4 Photocatalyst Weerasak Chomkitichai1,a, Jiraporn Pama2,b, Pimchanok Jaiyen2,c, Sila Pano2,d, Jiraporn Ketwaraporn1,e, Pusit Pookmanee3,4,f, Sukon Phanichphant5,g and Pongthep Jansanthea1,h* 1Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit, Thailand 2Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit, Thailand 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 4Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (NNRL), Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 5Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand achomkitichai@yahoo.com, bu57031520151@uru.ac.th, cu57031520162@uru.ac.th, dU57031520167@uru.ac.th, ej.ketwaraporn@hotmail.com, fpusit@mju.ac.th, gsphanichphant@yahoo.com, hpongthep.jan@uru.ac.th Keywords: Solvothermal, BiVO4, Tetragonal, Monoclinic
The crystal structures of multi–phase BiVO4 prepared by the solvothermal method were studied by XRD analysis as shown in Fig. 1(a).
Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit, Thailand.
Zhang, Difference in valence band top of BiVO4 with different crystal structure, Mater.
Grimes, Controlled synthesis and assembly of nanostructured ZnO architectures by a solvothermal soft chemistry process, Cryst.

The alkoxide then acts as a base that deprotonates carboxylic acid, resulting in irreversible hydrolysis and weakening the structure of the lignocellulose [9].
It loosens the structure of the material so that enzymes will be able to work in converting cellulose into sugars through saccharification.
[6] Somogyi, M. (1952) ‘Notes on sugar determination’, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 195, pp. 19–24
Y. (2004) Organic Chemistry. 4th edn.
[14] Jacquet, N. et al. (2015) ‘Application of Steam Explosion as Pretreatment on Lignocellulosic Material: A Review’, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 54(10), pp. 2593–2598. doi: 10.1021/ie503151g

At temperatures above 320°C, the structure of MMT is destroyed, which is accompanied by the release of constitutional water.
Slyuzar, Perspectives of Treatment of Water Environments from Pollutants with Ultrasound-Activated Bentonites, Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 17(4) (2023) 870-877
Theng, Structures and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals, in: F.
Chemistry, technology and application of substances. 5 (2022) 5-15
Essington, Soil and Water Chemistry.

Theoretical Method Method B3LYP put the three parameter method Becke and method LYP together, functional expression is: , It is a kind of hybrid functional method, widely used in quantum chemistry calculation.
Theoretical Calculation All of the molecular structures were calculated by Gaussian03.
From the "imaginary frequency" mode analysis of different excited state, we can get the stable structure of CH3+, as below: Fig. 1.
Molecular structure: Fig. 2.
The basic principles of quantum chemistry and ab initio calculation [M].Beijing: Science press, 1985 [3] Lubman D M, Naaman R, Zare R N.

Fabrication and Properties of Lignin/castor oil-based Composites Hongjuan Wang1,2, Haiyan Xiao2, Fengqiang Sun2, Jianhua Zhang1 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, (P.
China) 2 School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, (P.
The morphology and structure of the composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
In the other hand, the lignin contains a lot of rigid aromatic rings structure which is beneficial to improve the stiffness of the composite.
The residue at 650˚Cof the composites increases with lignin content increase which ascribed to lignin containing heat-resistant aromatic rings structure.

The chemical state, phase structure, microstructure and optical properties were characterized by Differential Thermal Analysis ( DTA),X-ray diffraction( XRD),Scanning Electron Microscope( SEM)and Infrared Spectroscopy( IR) respectively.
Deng[6] used a hydrated copper acetate and Sec-butyl alcohol aluminum as precursors,CuAlO2 with delafossite structure, were prepared by sol-gel method.
The phase structure of ceramics samples were analyzed by using DX-2000 X-ray diffractometer.
References [1] Tianhui Zhang, Lingyu Piao and Suling Zhao: Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, “in chinese”.
[2] Huaiying Ye, Wen Li and Weishi Li: Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, “in chinese”.Vol. 32(2012), p. 266-283

The complex structure of synthetic dye molecules drove nature’s long-time degradation.
The structural chemistry of rhodamine B and malachite green is displayed in Fig. 1 [3], [4].
According to SEM analysis, the expansion expansion of the bentonite structure confirmed the pore spread well in the layers structure.
It means the charge of the dye structure is opposite to the bentonite surface structure but has the same charge as the impregnation agent [46].
Iwuozor, “Prospects and Challenges of Using Coagulation-Flocculation Method in the Treatment of Effluents,” Advanced Journal of Chemistry-Section A, 2019. http://ajchem-a.com [9] D.

In the EPD method, the structure of the particle thin film could be controlled by adjusting the electrical operating conditions.
Furthermore, the structure of titania NP thin film is required not only to be homogeneous but also to have pore sizes controlled towards fast transport of electrons and ions.
From this point of view, it seems to be important to elucidate the effect of water on the structure of particle thin layer prepared by EPD from NPs dispersed in nonaqueous solvents.
Liu, Fabrication of flexible plastic solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using low temperature techniques, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118 (2014) 16352-16357
Zaban, Electrophoretic deposition and compression of titania nanoparticle films for dye-sensitized solar cells, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 198 (2008) 52-59