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Online since: February 2014
Authors: Ali H. A. Al-Waeli, Hussein A. Kazem, Said Al-Bahri, Saud Al-Badi, Haifa Al-Mahkladi
In this paper, the experimental data concerning the effect of three types of dust pollutants (red soil, ash and sand) on the performance of PV panels (mono-c, multi-c and a-Si technologies investigated) have been investigated.
The system data are: PV power rating = 10 W, PV voltage = 12V, battery voltage = 12.9 V, load current = 0.5A and room temperature = 28 oC.
Second, obsrvation is when 10 g/m2 of red soil sprinkle on the PV (pollutant deposition) more reduction in PV voltage noteced as shown in table 2.
Fig. 2 Reduction in PV voltage due to the three pollutants Conclusions Results of detailed experimental study, carried out to identify the dust effect on PV performance.
In addition, with time (increasing of temperature) more reduction observed.
The system data are: PV power rating = 10 W, PV voltage = 12V, battery voltage = 12.9 V, load current = 0.5A and room temperature = 28 oC.
Second, obsrvation is when 10 g/m2 of red soil sprinkle on the PV (pollutant deposition) more reduction in PV voltage noteced as shown in table 2.
Fig. 2 Reduction in PV voltage due to the three pollutants Conclusions Results of detailed experimental study, carried out to identify the dust effect on PV performance.
In addition, with time (increasing of temperature) more reduction observed.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Pan Miao
Current Development Situation and Path Choice of Low-carbon Economy in Shandong Province
Pan Miao
Shandong Women’s University, Jinan 250300, China
Email:miaopan96@163.com
Keywords: low-carbon; energy-saving emission reduction; low-carbon technology
Abstract: Taking the path of sustainable development in Shandong Province, it is inevitable to make “low carbon” transformation and structure adjustment of economy.
The achievements of energy-saving emission reduction are remarkable.
From statistical data of green low-carbon economic development and promotion center in Shandong, enterprise that meet the low-carbon standards was very few overall, although a lot of low-carbon environmental protection enterprises emerged, and development and application of low-carbon technologies are uneven.
Shandong finance establishes matching funds and carbon funds to support the research and development of energy conservation and emissions reduction technology in the province.
At the same time of advocating carbon dioxide emission reduction, the carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere will be fixed down in the form of biomass through afforestation which is the right direction to control the greenhouse gases and cope with climate change.
The achievements of energy-saving emission reduction are remarkable.
From statistical data of green low-carbon economic development and promotion center in Shandong, enterprise that meet the low-carbon standards was very few overall, although a lot of low-carbon environmental protection enterprises emerged, and development and application of low-carbon technologies are uneven.
Shandong finance establishes matching funds and carbon funds to support the research and development of energy conservation and emissions reduction technology in the province.
At the same time of advocating carbon dioxide emission reduction, the carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere will be fixed down in the form of biomass through afforestation which is the right direction to control the greenhouse gases and cope with climate change.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Hong Zhang
Analysis of high wax crude oil group
Daqing crude oil and Nile Oman mixed crude oil are high pour point oil, which is Shown by the data in Table 1 and the wax content in crude oil more than 24%.
Table 4 Resin simulation oil sample properties Sample 1# 2# 3# 4# Resin wax ratio 1.0 2.5 5.5 11.1 Viscosity reduction rate (η%) 13 40 36 11 From the data in Table 4 can be seen, four simulation oil samples have typical resin wax ratio.
The viscosity reduction rate with resin wax ratio trend as shown in figure 1.
Fig.1 Relation between viscosity reduction rate and resin wax ratio The resin wax ratio and viscosity reduction rate of 1# and 2# sample in Fig.1 can be seen crude oil with different asphaltene content has similar rules.
Viscosity reduction rate is high in resin wax ratio 2.0 ~ 5.0 range, The tackifying effect and viscosity reduction rate decreased emerge at over high range.
Table 4 Resin simulation oil sample properties Sample 1# 2# 3# 4# Resin wax ratio 1.0 2.5 5.5 11.1 Viscosity reduction rate (η%) 13 40 36 11 From the data in Table 4 can be seen, four simulation oil samples have typical resin wax ratio.
The viscosity reduction rate with resin wax ratio trend as shown in figure 1.
Fig.1 Relation between viscosity reduction rate and resin wax ratio The resin wax ratio and viscosity reduction rate of 1# and 2# sample in Fig.1 can be seen crude oil with different asphaltene content has similar rules.
Viscosity reduction rate is high in resin wax ratio 2.0 ~ 5.0 range, The tackifying effect and viscosity reduction rate decreased emerge at over high range.
Online since: May 2004
Authors: Kozo Ishizaki, T.T.T. Hien, C. Ishizaki
The
NHx/OH absorbance intensity ratios (a) as well as the (NH3 + N2) /H2O number of desorbed
molecules ratios (b) calculated from the data reported in [3] for NH3 and H2O and in [4] for N2 are
also included.
The numbers indicated in brackets as (a) are the NHx/OH absorbance intensity ratios and the ones in [b] are the (NH3 + N2)/H2O number of desorbed molecules ratios calculated from the data reported in [5,4].
The powder produced by carbothermal reduction method using N2 as nitriding media (B1) shows the least NHx surface groups and the powder using N2 + H2 and further washed by acid (C6) the highest.
The exception is the powder produced by carbothermal reduction method using N2 as nitriding media (B1).
The powder produced by carbothermal reduction method using N2 as nitriding media (B1) shows O rich configuration (H-SiOOO). configuration.
The numbers indicated in brackets as (a) are the NHx/OH absorbance intensity ratios and the ones in [b] are the (NH3 + N2)/H2O number of desorbed molecules ratios calculated from the data reported in [5,4].
The powder produced by carbothermal reduction method using N2 as nitriding media (B1) shows the least NHx surface groups and the powder using N2 + H2 and further washed by acid (C6) the highest.
The exception is the powder produced by carbothermal reduction method using N2 as nitriding media (B1).
The powder produced by carbothermal reduction method using N2 as nitriding media (B1) shows O rich configuration (H-SiOOO). configuration.
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Wen Sheng Zhang, Hong Fu Chen, Ming Sheng Wang
Finally, a forecasted
model of pork price is calculated with simulated data.
All the coefficient data of predictive equation will be integrated into equation set based on the recent data, and corresponding coefficient is achieved.
In addition, before the forecast, it is needed to determine the coefficients of the model structure based on the actual data.
According to large amounts of data I have read and my actual analysis, the significance of the actual values of C0 is given, as shown in Table 1.
In addition, the prediction model is set up based on the simulated data in Hebei province, China.
All the coefficient data of predictive equation will be integrated into equation set based on the recent data, and corresponding coefficient is achieved.
In addition, before the forecast, it is needed to determine the coefficients of the model structure based on the actual data.
According to large amounts of data I have read and my actual analysis, the significance of the actual values of C0 is given, as shown in Table 1.
In addition, the prediction model is set up based on the simulated data in Hebei province, China.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: Dmitry Orlov, Alexey Reshetov, Viktor Varyukhin, Alexander Korshunov, Irina Vedernikova, Lev Polyakov, Sergey Synkov, Alexandr Synkov, Irina Korotchenkova, Yan Beygelzimer
These undoubtedly
important data make it possible to estimate the efficiency of the SPD processing, but do not show
the distribution of mechanical properties across the billets.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 2 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; Fig. 4 shows that on the billet cross-section after two TE passes location of the maximum ductility strictly corresponds to the location of the minimum strength.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 4 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; The mechanical properties variation perpendicular to the extrusion axis is shown in Figs 6 and 7
Tensile tests data on mechanical properties in transverse direction in Cu billet after 2 TE passes: (a) - direction parallel to Z axes; (b) - direction parallel to Y axes; -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 20 40 60 80 100 YS UTS YS and UTS, MPa Y Axis, mm Elongation Reduction in Area Elongation and Reductionin in Area, % YS: Mean 405.6 MPa; Range 16 MPa; UTS: Mean 414.8 MPa; Range 17 MPa; Elongation: Mean 10.2 %; Range 1.7 %; Reduction in area: Mean 72.6 %; Range 10.4 %
The comparison is based on data reported in [16], where authors used the same material and tests conditions.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 2 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; Fig. 4 shows that on the billet cross-section after two TE passes location of the maximum ductility strictly corresponds to the location of the minimum strength.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 4 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; The mechanical properties variation perpendicular to the extrusion axis is shown in Figs 6 and 7
Tensile tests data on mechanical properties in transverse direction in Cu billet after 2 TE passes: (a) - direction parallel to Z axes; (b) - direction parallel to Y axes; -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 20 40 60 80 100 YS UTS YS and UTS, MPa Y Axis, mm Elongation Reduction in Area Elongation and Reductionin in Area, % YS: Mean 405.6 MPa; Range 16 MPa; UTS: Mean 414.8 MPa; Range 17 MPa; Elongation: Mean 10.2 %; Range 1.7 %; Reduction in area: Mean 72.6 %; Range 10.4 %
The comparison is based on data reported in [16], where authors used the same material and tests conditions.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Kittiphat Rattanachan
The design process starts from receive the requirement data, elaborate the data to the design specification.
Literature Reviews The problem of minimum volume preliminary design of simple and multiple-stage spur gear reduction units has been a subject of considerable interest, since many high-performance power transmission applications require low weight.
Another gear data were according to the standard of gear design.
Table 3 The rolling mill gearbox calculation data.
Data Value Input torque / Revolution speed 15.9 [kN-m] / 1450 [rpm] Reduction ratio 2.3:1 Input shaft / Output shaft diameter 115 / 150 [mm] Driving gear / Driven gear teeth number 21 / 48 Module 6 Pressure angle 20o Helix angle 15o Conclusion In this paper we have shown how a systematic design or engineering design method can be used to solve a design problem of a double stage gear unit.
Literature Reviews The problem of minimum volume preliminary design of simple and multiple-stage spur gear reduction units has been a subject of considerable interest, since many high-performance power transmission applications require low weight.
Another gear data were according to the standard of gear design.
Table 3 The rolling mill gearbox calculation data.
Data Value Input torque / Revolution speed 15.9 [kN-m] / 1450 [rpm] Reduction ratio 2.3:1 Input shaft / Output shaft diameter 115 / 150 [mm] Driving gear / Driven gear teeth number 21 / 48 Module 6 Pressure angle 20o Helix angle 15o Conclusion In this paper we have shown how a systematic design or engineering design method can be used to solve a design problem of a double stage gear unit.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Yiannis A. Katsigiannis, Emmanuel G. Maravelakis, Antonis G. Tsikalakis, Emmanuel S. Karapidakis
The electric production fuel mix of the Greek power system is depicted in Fig. 1, based on the data of Ref. [5].
The best advantage of LEAP software is that the users can easily regulate the model structure and data framework according to the project’s demand and the future tendency by using the way of ‘‘what if’’.
With the environmental data base, LEAP can assess the pollution resulting from each stage of the fuel chain, including the reduction in airborne pollutant emissions from extraction, processing, distribution, and combustion activities that might result from more efficient use of electricity or other fuels.
The results show the significant impact of the NG units installation in the CO2 emissions reduction, despite the high annual electricity growth rate of 2%.
Moreover, the Greek energy policy has to be additionally focused in the reduction of energy consumption, using energy-saving measures in the residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sector [9].
The best advantage of LEAP software is that the users can easily regulate the model structure and data framework according to the project’s demand and the future tendency by using the way of ‘‘what if’’.
With the environmental data base, LEAP can assess the pollution resulting from each stage of the fuel chain, including the reduction in airborne pollutant emissions from extraction, processing, distribution, and combustion activities that might result from more efficient use of electricity or other fuels.
The results show the significant impact of the NG units installation in the CO2 emissions reduction, despite the high annual electricity growth rate of 2%.
Moreover, the Greek energy policy has to be additionally focused in the reduction of energy consumption, using energy-saving measures in the residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sector [9].
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Hai Ping Xiao, Qin Jian Yu, Lei Huang
Reaction rate constant and thermodynamic data in elementary chemical reaction equations come from Leeds model and NSAS data base.
At 900˚C, the reaction of NO reduction by NH3 is almost finished in 0.27s; at 1000˚C or above, the reaction of NO reduction by NH3 is already finished in 0.006s.Therefore, with temperature rising, reaction rate of NO reduction by NH3 is increasing and reaction is finished in a short time.
Based on total reactions of NO reduction by NH3 and NH3 oxidation, O2 is necessary in the process of NO reduction by NH3.Effect of NO reduction by NH3 is going to be influenced by lack of O2.The simulating results are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.Obviously, when the volume fraction of O2 is 0.2%, reaction rate of NO reduction by NH3 is very small and the decline of NO concentration is limited.
At 0.012s, reduction rate of NO is the maximum of -5.49E-7mole/cm3·s.
Then reduction rate declines gradually.
At 900˚C, the reaction of NO reduction by NH3 is almost finished in 0.27s; at 1000˚C or above, the reaction of NO reduction by NH3 is already finished in 0.006s.Therefore, with temperature rising, reaction rate of NO reduction by NH3 is increasing and reaction is finished in a short time.
Based on total reactions of NO reduction by NH3 and NH3 oxidation, O2 is necessary in the process of NO reduction by NH3.Effect of NO reduction by NH3 is going to be influenced by lack of O2.The simulating results are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.Obviously, when the volume fraction of O2 is 0.2%, reaction rate of NO reduction by NH3 is very small and the decline of NO concentration is limited.
At 0.012s, reduction rate of NO is the maximum of -5.49E-7mole/cm3·s.
Then reduction rate declines gradually.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: El Rouby Mahmoud, Akif Shikhan Aliyev
Interesting data were obtained and discussed in this work.
But in the later, the reduction peak was observed around -0.8 V on Ti electrode [12].
It seems that the peaks are commonly associated with reduction process of the Cd (II) to Cd(0) [19, 20].
From the previous data of cyclic voltammetric measurements, the optimum conditions for the electrodeposition of CdS thin film at CNT are; by using a solution of a composition 0.1 M S2O32- + 0.01 M Cd2+ at pH = 2.5, t = 40 oC and the electrodeposition potential is in between the range -0.75 > E > -0.85 for a certain time.
At this period of time, it is suggested that the reduction current was proportional to the reduction of the adsorbed colloidal sulfur at the electrode surface which is more than the reduction of cadmium.
But in the later, the reduction peak was observed around -0.8 V on Ti electrode [12].
It seems that the peaks are commonly associated with reduction process of the Cd (II) to Cd(0) [19, 20].
From the previous data of cyclic voltammetric measurements, the optimum conditions for the electrodeposition of CdS thin film at CNT are; by using a solution of a composition 0.1 M S2O32- + 0.01 M Cd2+ at pH = 2.5, t = 40 oC and the electrodeposition potential is in between the range -0.75 > E > -0.85 for a certain time.
At this period of time, it is suggested that the reduction current was proportional to the reduction of the adsorbed colloidal sulfur at the electrode surface which is more than the reduction of cadmium.