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In both cases model sliding friction couple was made of materials characteristic for machining processes (the rotating countersample, made of toughened steel 45 and hardened to 42 HRC, modeling a workpiece and the sample, made of sintered carbide S20S or high-speed steel SW18, modeling a tool).
The aim of both stages of the examination was to investigate influence of copper or molybdenum nanopowder addition to oil on its tribological properties manifested in tested model sliding friction couple made of materials characteristic for machining processes.
Moreover, time tests proved that degree of frictional resistance decrease depends on materials cooperating in examined couple.
Dobrzański: Fundamentals of material science and metal science (WNT, Gliwice - Warsaw, 2002), p. 863-875 (in Polish) [6] B.
TRIBOLOGY: Science and Applications.

Some of the materials have much good comprehensive function, they are difficultly machined because of the material’s high strength, high hardness, or high toughness, high hardness strengthen item, which makes the small-hole cutting more difficulty.
The material of making twist drill is high speed steel & hard alloy, the main material is high speed steel.
Here the small-hole cutting is in the difficult cutting material, there is various non-metal materials, strengthen item nonferrous metal, various difficult cutting metal materials.
Journal of Superhard material engineeing2011, 2:42～46 [2] Summary of super hardness abrasive wheel grinding. 2010,4,6. moliaomoju.net [3] Yan Qiusheng, Syoji K, Tanaka K.
Journal of Mechanical engineeing VOL.37No.2,2001,2P22～25

Laser and fluid chemical etching of the difficult-to-cut materials for large-scale machining is proposed by our research group in recent years [1].
Experimental Materials and Research Methods Cr12 mold steel, W18Cr4V high speed steel are chosen as experimental materials, corrosion medium is diluted hydrochloric acid and nitric acid solution.
HCl as the corrosive combining etching Cr12: For oxygen the material oxidation reaction takes place first.
Therefore, the chemical reaction of combining processing primarily is the oxidation of materials reaction and oxide dissolution reaction.
Acknowledgements The work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (program No.50675001) and the Nature Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 090414166） References [1] Genfu Yuan，Yansheng Yao，shaofeng Zhu and Yuanlong Chen: 3rd Pacific International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Optics（PICALO）April 16 -18, 2008, Beijing [2] Yuanlong Chen, Bichao Xu, Genfu Yuan etal: Proceedings of 2007 annual conference on Chinese Mechnical Engineering, China Machine Press, 11 (2007) [3] Yuanlong Chen, Bichao Xu, Genfu Yuan etal: China Mechanical Engineering, 20 (11),(2009): p. 1356 [4] Yuan Genfu :Chinese Journal of Lasers[J], 34 (2007)：p. 460 （b）High magnification morphology （a）Machined surface topography

Combined with the characteristics of hydropower, analyzes the causes of cracks in the turbine, materials, design and manufacturing, operation and so on.
The Reason of the Cracks The reason cracks should be multifaceted and has a certain relationship with the materials, design, manufacturing and operation.
Metallic materials under the stress state within the material inherent defects (pores, inclusions and cracks, etc.) at the first formation of micro-cracks, and to a certain form of the expansion, bringing together until a fracture caused by metal material or surface cracking.
By contrast with the Chinese material composition standards, sample composition meets ZG00Cr13Ni5Mo requirements.
Ma: Journal of science and technology of Tsinghua University, Vol. 48 (2008) No. 5, p. 765

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 38 (2001), p. 399
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 43 (2006), p. 1163
International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Vol. 39 (2002), p. 79
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 48 (2011), p. 336
Journal of China Coal Society, Vol. 35 (2010), p. 1263.

Satheesh: Materials and Design.
(science and technology).
Sutcliffe: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B.
Beynon: Journal of Materials Processing Technology .
Molinari: Journal of Materials Science.

All the materials are assumed to be isotropic, linear and elastic. (3) The lubricating oil in the bearing can be regarded as the incompressible laminar steady flow.
The material of the hollow coaxial is low alloy cast steel.
Therefore, the deformation of the hollow coaxial with the same thickness made from different materials is different in the same loading conditions.
So selecting the materials with larger elastic modulus can improve the running stability of bearing.
Ma, and et al: Journal of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Vol. 27(9) (2006) p. 37-39

Liu: Materials Letter.
Wang: Materials Science and Engineering A.
Techapiesancharoenkij: Key Engineering Materials.
Selvaduray: Materials Science and Engineering.
Derman: Advanced Materials Research.

Torsion Failure Analysis of 0Cr17Ni7Al Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Wire Lei Chen1, a, Renbo Song1, b*, Fuqiang Yang1, c, Yongjin Wang1, Zhidong Tan1, Ke Guo2,3 and Zhonghong Wang2 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China 2Angang Group Mining Engineering Corporation, Anshan, 114021, China 3University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, China aUSTB_cl@163.com, bsongrb@mater.ustb.edu.cn,cyangfuqiang208@sina.com Keywords: 0Cr17Ni7Al stainless steel wire, Torsion failure, AlN inclusion, Micro-crack.
Introduction Since the invention of stainless steel at the beginning of the 20th century, the stainless steel has combined the image of contemporary materials and the excellence remains of construction uses [1].
It has good corrosion resistance for various environments and is also one of the highest strength construction materials. 0Cr17Ni7Al belongs to semi-austenitic precipitation hardening stainless steels and is modified on the base of 18-8Cr-Ni stainless steel.
Micro-crack Fig. 2 Surface morphology of failure steel wire The analysis of raw materials: Fig. 3 is the longitudinal metallographic structures of raw material of Φ4.4mm steel wire invalidated with torsion and deformed without torsion.
Transactions of Aviation & Materials, 2003,23(zl)280 [4] Zhao Ming, Nie Mingfen, Cai Lei, Torsion property analysis of the steel wire.

Experimental works Materials selection In order to fabricate metal matrix composites (MMCs), aluminium alloy6061 was used as matrix and nano-SiC and nano-B4C was used as reinforcing materials.
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials(2013)1-19
Materials and Manufacturing Processes 25(2010) 467-475
Advanced Materials Research 984-985(2014) 384-389
Procedia Materials Science 6(2014) 1805 – 1814