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Acknowledgements The measurements of X-ray diffraction profiles of nanographite powders were performed in the Far Eastern Center of Structural Research (Institute of Chemistry of FEB RAS).
(Eds.), Physics and Chemistry of Graphene – Graphene to Nanographene, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd., Singapore, 2013, 476 pp
Ziatdinov, Nanographites, their compounds, and film structures, Russ.
Belenkov, Formation of graphite structure in carbon crystallites, Inorg.
Crystal and molecular structure of coronene, J.

This overview discusses the multiple layers of complexities that govern percolation leaching processes, such as the interactions between mineral grains, particle pores and leach solution, microbial responses to solution chemistry typical of heaps, solution and solute transport in heterogeneous unsaturated ore beds, as well as heap aeration and microbial response to CO2 supply.
Principally, the kinetics of Cu leaching from sulphide heaps are determined by a combination of rate processes at four different scales [5]: · Rate kinetics of the oxidative dissolution at the mineral grain surface · Diffusion of reagents and dissolved metal products through the porous structure within particles · Colonisation, growth and oxidation of ferrous iron by bacteria in particle interstitial spaces using oxygen and CO2 absorbed from air pockets
· Diffusion rate through inner particle pore structures are influenced by overall particle size as well as pore size and distribution – a direct consequence of how the ore is crushed prior to heap leaching
Schippers, (Bio)chemistry of bacterial leaching – direct vs. indirect bioleaching, Hydrometallurgy 51 (2001) 115-129

The inner coating layer was synthesized by the partially cross linked polyacrylate (core) and the outer coating layer with higher degree of crosslinking polyacrylate to form the shell structure.
Similarly, to offset the burst effect, non-biodegradability and porous structure of the coating layer, Ni et al [9] prepared CRU with two coating layers, inner layer of ethyl cellulose and the outer layer of a superabsorbent material.
[5] Liang, R., “Preparation and properties of coated nitrogen fertilizer with slow release and water retention”, Industrial & engineering chemistry research, vol. 45, no. 25, pp. 8610-8616, 2006
[7] Liang, R., “Preparation and properties of a double-coated slow-release and water-retention urea fertilizer”, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1392-1398, 2006
[10] Ni, B., “Environmentally friendly slow-release nitrogen fertilizer”, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol.59, no. 18, pp. 10169-10175, 2011

A 6×698 matrix was constituted by the correlation coefficient of the periodicals and the sub research fields, the structure of which was very complicated, and the focus was not prominent.
During the dimension reduced processing, the elements which were less than the mean of correlation coefficient of the matrix were removed firstly, 6×99 elements were remained, but the structure was still complicated; the elements which were less than the average of the remaining correlation coefficient of the matrix were removed then, finally 6×23 elements were reserved.
As we can see, there is a strong correlation between the eight journals and the six soil pollution sub research fields, and all researchers should focus on the eight core journals such as Chemosphere, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Environmental Pollution, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Environmental Science and Technology, Science of the Total Environment, Journal of Environmental Quality, Soil and Sediment Contamination; except the eight core journals above, each sub field researchers should particularly pay attention to their respective journals, g01 ( Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Biotechnology) sub field researchers should focus on the six core journals such as Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Bioresource Technology, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, g02 ( Zinc, Lead, Metals) sub field researchers should focus on the six core journals such as Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, Geoderma, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Environmental Earth Sciences, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, g03 ( Groundwater pollution, Hydrogeology, Sedimentology) sub field researchers should focus on the six core journals such as Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Geoderma, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Environmental Earth Sciences, Applied Geochemistry, g04 ( Biological materials, Biogeochemistry, Organic compounds) sub field researchers should focus on the six core journals such as Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Geoderma, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Soil Science Society of America Journal, g05 ( Environmental impact, Risk assessment, Ecology) sub field researchers should focus on the five core journals such as Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Geoderma, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, g06 ( Mathematical models, Computer simulation, Mass transfer) sub field researchers should focus on the five core journals such as Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology.

In high V alloys, vanadium and carbon mass ratio has great influence on structure and performance.
The studies base on the chemistry of high Cr casting iron, decreasing C content and at same time adding more V and Mo to replace part of Cr.
During the hammerhead chemistry designing, considering economy, the addition of V and Mo can not be high, so part of Cr was kept.
The table 2 shows the chemistry of head.
Basically heat treatment can not change eutectic carbide morphology and amount, so wear-resistance improvement by secondary hardening treatment still depends on matrix structure changing.

Azrina6,f , I.S Anwar7,g 1University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam,81750 Johor Bharu Johor Malaysia 2Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia anurulhuda@mitec.unikl.edu.my, bhafizzal_yusoff@yahoo.com, cmohdwarikh@yahoo.com, drafidahali@mitec.unikl.edu.my, esuhailay@mitec.unikl.edu.my, fazrinaa@mitec.unikl.edu.my, gsanwar@mitec.unikl.edu.my Keywords: Powders-chemical preparation; CaCu3Mn4O12; sol-gel; optimization; wet chemistry.
Basically, common technique for synthesizing CaCu3Mn4O12 includes wet chemistry and solid state method.
Good microstructure was obtained in the CaCu3Mn4O12 sintered at 700 °C in atmospheric condition; which the main microstructure features are uniform in grain size with a low porosity and also promotes more compact arrangement of grain structure compared to 600 °C.
This may have been due to the phenomenon of over grown magnetocrystallites that capable causing the transition from a single magnetic domain to a multi-magnetic domain structure at high temperature.
The Hc also strongly affected by grain or particle and may reach a maximum value during the single magnetic domain or multi-magnetic domain stages of structure.

Characterization of Calcined Lobong Limestone Sanusi Gugule1,a*, Deitje Adolfien Katuuk2,b, Feti Fatimah3,c and Chaleb Paul Maanari1,d 1Department of Chemistry, Manado State University, Indonesia 2Department of Education Management, Manado State University, Indonesia 3Department of Chemistry, Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia *Corresponding author: asanusigugule@unima.ac.id, bdeitjeakatuuk@unima.ac.id, cfetifatimah@unsrat.ac.id, dchalebmaanari@unima.ac.id Keywords: Calcium Oxide, Limestone, Calcination, XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDS.
SEM analysis shows that the morphological structure of Lobong limestone after calcination is more porous than before.
This data also shows that the crystal formation of calcined Lobong limestone is face-centered cubic (fcc) which is the crystal structure of CaO [6, 7].
Second, after calcination, the element of Ca, represented by red color, is almost evenly spread, which indicates that the crystal form of Ca is changing from rhombohedral structure (CaCO3) to fcc structure (CaO).

. & 3A.S.Kumar 1Department of Physics, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala,India-689 645 2Deptartment of Chemistry, St.Cyrils College,Adoor,Kerala,India 3SPAP, Mahatma Gandhi.
Also, the XRD pattern of the powders showed cubic crystal structures for ZnS:La.
Conclusions The size and crystal structure of ZnS was studied using XRD.
References [1] .A.L.Efros and M.Rosen, “The electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals”Annu.Rev.Mater.Sel. 36, (2003), p.475-521 [2] K.Havanseak, “Nanotechnology at present and its promises in the future”, Materials Science Forum, 414-415, (2003). pp.85-94 [3] J.Dutta and A.Sugunan, “colloidal self organisation for nanoelectronics” in B.Y.Majlis, and S.Shaari (Ed) IEEE international conference on semiconductor electronics, p.A6-A11, KualaLampur (2004)
[10] Nobert Adolph lange and Gordon M.Forker B.S “Hand book of Chemistry”

Asuha Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia, 81 Zhaowudalu, Huhhot 010022, China asuha42@yahoo.com.cn Keywords: Magnetite; Water-soluble; Adsorption; Chromium Abstract.
In this work, water-soluble Fe3O4 nanopowder with mesoporous structure was prepared by the thermal decomposition of Fe-urea complex ([Fe(NH2CONH2)6](NO3)3) in triethylene glycol (TEG), and the effects of reflux time and the concentration of precursor on the properties of Fe3O4 nanopowder were investigated.
For the sample prepared with reflux time of 2 h, only one peak (311) was observed in the XRD pattern, indicating the formation of an imperfect crystalline structure for this sample.
N2 adsorption isotherms showed that the Fe3O4 nanopowder possessed a mesoporous structure with high surface area.

The cyclic structure favours the formation of hydrogen bonds between the OH groups on the adjacent glucose units and affects the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Results and Discussion A partial chemical structure of β-cyclodextrin with possible water adsorption sites is shown in Fig. 1.
Partial structure of β-cyclodextrin with possible water adsorption sitesin β-cyclodextrin Fig. 2.
Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry.
Ladisch, Chemistry and Properties of Starch Based Desiccants.