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The data at each point are the average of at least two specimens.
Using the (σ−ε) data, the strain rate sensitivity and the apparent activation volume of the nc-Cu were determined, respectively, by the isostrain method, as: (2) and , (3) where k is Boltzmann’s constant, T is the absolute temperature, and b (=0.255 nm) is the Burgers vector.
The data at each point are the average of the two jump curves.
Using the isostrain data of v*=6.3b3 and 8.7b3 at low and high strain rates [Fig. 8(b)] and the approximation of ξ≈b [40，41], l* was calculated to be l*=6.3b and 8.7b (or ~1.7 and ~2.3 nm), respectively.
Therefore, the thermally activated GB sliding at lower strain rates and the reduction in its contribution with an increase in strain rate should be responsible for the significant change in v* or m with strain rate observed for our NC-Cu.

Contrasted effects on OIE and photocatalytic removal of methanol in air showed (i) the influence of thermal treatment on TiO2 surface re-structuring (ii) the preferential adsorption and subsequent UV-induced reduction of Se salts at more labile surface O atoms.
TRMC provides a view from within the solid, whereas OIE probes the solid from the outside while presenting the advantage of giving information independently of another reactant whose properties can influence the data.

Out of this the major contribution goes to construction industry as the data reveals that Construction is responsible for 40% of the total world flows of raw materials such as sand, gravel& clay.
This application reduced the time of construction, rapid on site erection and overall cost reduction.

Via the use of experimental data gathered from previous research into web side plate connections the performance of the model could be validated.
This leads one to wonder if such strength reduction may possibly occur under shear loading. 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Connections To investigate how the presence of an eccentricity in the minor axis can have an effect on the shear strength of a WSP connections, two different WSP connections were modelled and subjected to various parametric studies.

It is also used to collect qualitative data on the electrode reaction mechanisms, charge transfer reactions between electrolyte ions and electrons from the electrode surface [51].
These data are plotted as current (i) versus applied potential (E) often referred to as just potential).
RSC Advances 5, 2015, 26189-26196 [9] Yan, J.J., Lu, H.Y., Huang, Y.P., Fu, J., Mo, S.Y., Wei, C., Miao, Y.E., Liu, T.X., Polydopamine-derived porous carbon fiber/cobalt composites for efficient oxygen reduction reactions.
J. 2011, 81, 659–672, [16] Miao, Y.E., Li, F., Lu, H.Y., Ya, J.J., HuangY, P., Liu, T.X., Nanocubic-Co3O4 coupled with nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber network: a synergistic binder-free catalyst toward oxygen reduction reactions.

This has lead to vanadium (IV) oxide being investigated as a potential data storage media [1, 3], an optical switch [24], and as an infrared modulator for missile guidance systems [5].
There have been reports in the literature where very thin films (ca 200 nm) of pure vanadium (IV) oxide grown by various methods have shown transition temperatures lower than 68 ºC.[41,48,49] Maruyama et al [47] link the variations in the thermochromic transition temperature to the thickness of the thin film, but does not suggest a mechanism for the effect, and indeed closer inspection of their data suggests that this is not a reasonable conclusion.
The precursors used in these studies are generally expensive and require a post-deposition reduction process to form vanadium (IV) oxide thin films.
Ideally a process is required that utilises inexpensive, readily available precursors that will produce vanadium (IV) oxide directly without the need for a reduction step.

Lindau, Atomic Data Nucl.
Data Tables 32 (1985), p. 1. ].
(d) The differential scanning calorimetry data of Ni2MnGa(100) single crystal, showing the first order martensitic transition, the transition temperatures are indicated by ticks.
An attempt to vary d to determine possible surface relaxation effect led to large deviation of d from the experimental bulk value obtained from x-ray diffraction[10], possibly because of the scatter in the data.
Generally, the reduction of symmetry from p4mm to p4gm is associated with rotation of surface atoms.

Karpat et al. [17] proposed mechanistic cutting force model based on experimentally collected cutting force data during slot milling of CFRP composite laminates using two types of PCD tools.
Kistler piezoelectric dynamometer, an amplifier, an A/D converter, and a personal computer were used for data acquisition.
The cutting forces were measured with a Kistler three-component dynamometer comprising a Kistler multi-channel charge amplifier and a computer data acquisition system (Lab view).
The average value of the cutting force measurements was taken as the experimental data for analysis.
Thus, to attain a reduction in specific cutting pressure, lower value of cutting speed is a preferred choice for turning CFRP composite materials.

Its nonlinear coefficient has reduced by 4.4 % reduction, the breakdown field has reduced by 9.9 % and the leakage current density increased by 13.7 % in comparison to its initial value.
The grain boundary characteristics were also estimated using J-E data.

Identification of crystalline compounds and phases had been accomplished by comparing the X-ray diffraction pattern of samples with JCPDS standard data.
Most peaks are corresponding with JCPDS standard data for MnZn-ferrite as shown in Fig.2.
This causes a reduction in the A-B interaction.
Wakeham, Viscosity of liquid water in the range −8 °C to 150 °C, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 7 (1978) 941-948. ].VH = π6d3 is the hydrodynamic particle volume of a spherical particle with the diameter d it estimated from FESEM images equals 20nm. kBT is the thermal energy, kB is the Boltzmann's constant.
From the obtained data; heat flow through samples and reference (sapphire) which had measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC Q600), CP were determined [[] M.