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These measurements are conducted using the principle of Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) in order to optically acquire full-field 3D-height data.
This results in a considerable reduction of non-productive time, degraded material, and thus costs.

In this paper, a simple analytical model (considering all key modes of failures) to predict the variation in strength due to the presence of the slab is proposed and validated with the experimental data.
FH=Fstrutcosθ=(υ×0.85fc'×Wstrut×tc)cosθ (6) FV=Fstrutsinθ=(υ×0.85fc'×Wstrut×tc)sinθ (7) where ‘υ’ is reduction factor [14, 16], and ‘Wstrut’ is width of the compressive strut.

However, the Refractory Ceramic Fibres Coalition (RCFC), and industry body, has sponsored comprehensive toxicology and epidemiology studies to identify potential RCF-related health effects, conducted a thorough review of the RCF-related scientific literature, and further evaluated the data in a state-of-the-art quantitative risk assessment.
The lack of toxicological data on most nanomaterials (as opposed to the macroscale/bulk form) is partly to blame, but initial assessments of titania nanopowders and CNTs suggests that OELs for bulk materials are not adequate for nanomaterials [21].
It must also be remembered that this data is for a non-stoichiometric mix of oxides, and that an accurate stoichiometry for the desired hexagonal composition in the starting materials improves the yield of that phase, often enabling a single phase product to result.
[20] Morgan Thermal Ceramics Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 201, Revised 06/29/2011
[64] International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA PDF no. 84-1531 (SrFe12O19), 84-757 (Ba Fe12O19), 84-2046 (PbFe12O19)

The rate of increment/decrement in the skin friction as well as the Nusselt number for various values of physical parameters are also estimated via slope of linear regression line using data points.
The drag force and heat exchange between the fluid and dust particles are the main factors for a reduction in the flow fields.

Data of detailed kinetic studies and electrochemical analysis strongly suggest that (i) methane decompose to hydrogen and carbon over the Pd-Ni catalyst, (ii) hydrogen is electrochemically oxidized with O 2- to water, and (iii) carbon is quickly reformed with water to hydrogen and carbon oxides.
If hydrocarbon fuel directly oxidized to CO2 and H2O over the anode of SOFC, high energy conversion efficiency and reduction of operation cost are expected.

The detection algorithm was trained and tested a private data set.
In most cases, the data may not be linearly separable (L-SVM case), hence the transformation of the data space into higher dimensions is done by the kernel functions.
The fine KNN (FKNN) method only selects a single neighbor for each data set.
The proposed algorithm detects abnormality locations in most of the test data.
Gaur, "Review based on data clustering algorithms," 04 2013, pp. 298-303

Rao et al. [43] carried out the characterization of GFRP laminates under various conditions, and a significant reduction in tensile property was observed.
The peak of first derivative point exhibited the greatest rate of changes on the mass loss, which was about 89%/oC, but the reduction of temperature for the composite was probably due to weak interface bonding associated with some porosities, as evidenced in previous study [30].
The weight gain data as a function wetting times (hrs.) for unidirectional 0o-oriented samples, cross-ply 0/90o-oriented samples and angle-ply 30o-oriented epoxy composites were gathered.

The differential swell index demonstrated a significant reduction in swelling behaviour, indicating improved performance under moisture variations.
This trend suggests that while low to moderate percentages of CCR positively impact strength, higher concentrations may lead to diminishing returns or even a reduction in strength.
Clayey soil has a CBR value of 2.07%, according to soaking CBR data.

The curve with ‘DATUM’ remark denotes the initial reference value.
Increase the thickness of PCB board by 40% would lead to 25.70% reduction in solder joint fatigue life, on the other hand, increasing the substrate thickness by 40% would lead to 14.05% increase of solder joint fatigue life.
The effect of solder ball joint space upon its fatigue life change is relatively small (not more than 6.1% variation), as increasing the space parameter, the fatigue life of solder joint would present a reduction first, then a increase would occur.

The input layer is used to present the data in the ANN and the output to produce the ANN response.
In [45], the goal was to develop and train a fuzzy-nets-based surface roughness prediction (FN-SRP) system that will predict the surface roughness in CNC turning operations using accelerometer measurements and vibration data.
A hybrid model known as GONNS (Genetically Optimized Neural System) was proposed in [82] for the selection of optimal cutting conditions from the experimental data when analytical or empirical mathematical models are not available.
The simplicity of the modelling, the speed of the optimization, and the reliability of the process even with small data sets are the main advantages of the GONNS and make it an excellent optimization tool for metal cutting operations.
The results showed that the GA technique decreased the minimum surface roughness value of the experimental sample data, regression modelling and response surface methodology technique by about 27%, 26% and 50%, respectively.