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Unlike traditional non-active fillers, mainly used for cost reduction, nanofillers are performance- enhancing.
Typically, when layer spacing exceed 6-7 nm in intercalated nanocomposites or when the layers become relatively disordered in exfoliated nanocomposites, associated WAXD features weaken to the point of not being useful. 5.1 XRD X-ray diffraction (XRD) has long been successfully used to study various aspects of the structures in semicrystalline polymers, which includes thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers and liquid crystalline polymers.With the availability of intense X-ray sources, high-speed detectors and faster methods of analyzing the data, it is now possible to examine the structure at higher spatial resolution and smaller time scales.
Tensile tests as shown in fig. 13 show a dramatic enhancement of the initial modulus of the resulting specimens as a function of filler load, accompanied by a reduction of the ultimate properties.
Table 3: Cone calorimeter data for pure SBR and its composites.Reproduced from [131].
They generally exhibit improved mechanical properties compared to conventional composites.They exhibit a remarkable increase in thermal stability, as well as self-extinguishing characteristics .They also show a several-fold reduction in the permeability of small gases, e.g.

The figure shows the data recorded during pin-on-disk experiments performed at a low residual pressure (typically 10 -5 mbar) and a velocity of the disk relative to the pin of 5 × 10-4 m s-1.
Many more data was collected by one of us, especially on Al-based binary CMAs [1,32].
To resolve such complex surface structures, experimental data are usually analyzed in the light of bulk models.
The model is obtained by refinement of the ideal bulk model using x-ray diffraction data and achieving an R-factor comparable to those achieved for usual crystals.
Typical values for ΓL obtained for icosahedral and decagonal quasicrystals range from 0.2 to 1 eV, while the intensity at EF represents a 30 to 90 % reduction of the estimated normal DOS [49].

This results in the reduction of heat (acting as a heat sink) as well as diluting the flame supportive gases, and hence prevents the propagation or sustainability of the flame. 4.1.1.
But MMT layers with higher aspect ratios than LDH, resulted in the reduction of peak heat release rate for the PMMA-MMT composite (55%) compared to the PMMA-LDH composite (45%) [48, 121].
The authors have shown that the main mechanism for composites with layered silicates is due to the accumulation of insulating phases rather than the reduction of the effective heat of combustion. 6.
Flame shielding agents Ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyamide-6 and clay nanocomposite Thermal stability and intumescence Dispersed nanoclays gave thermal stability, polyamide enhanced both fire and mechanical properties while phosphorous improved the intumescent properties [132] Structures in aircrafts, trains, and building interiors MMT – nano fibrillated cellulose Fire retardancy and low degradation rate with self-extinguishing property Silicate platelets in MMT hinder the transport of oxygen and decomposition of products, thus, improving the burning resistance of the material [133] Transparent flame retardant products (e.g., windows) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) – clay (layered silicates) Thermal resistance and stability Clay provides a barrier effect leading to higher thermal stability and resistance [134] Intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coatings for steel structures MgAlCO3-LDH, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine Heat-shielding performance, intumescence, smoke reduction
Mineral Data Publishing, Version, 1 (2005) 2001

Tracer diffusion is one of most reliable techniques for providing basic kinetic data in solids.
Therefore, a thorough microstructural analysis is imperative for assessment of reliable diffusion data.
The deconvolution procedure is not required for the data shown in Fig. 8 when we were concentrated on volume diffusion only.
However, diffusion data can only be obtained at one composition of a diffusion couple (the Kirkendall plane).
Such post-diffusion sample characterization are critical for fine-grained metals to be sure to obtain reliable diffusion data since their grain structure is known to evolve with temperature increase that has to be taken into account for data processing [109].

Semi-empirical analysis Phenomenological equations Empirical or phenomenological derivation of equations to describe sintering data.
Their agreement with the existing experimental data was found satisfactory [57].
It edited several technical publications in PM and collected and disseminated data on industrial production in PM up to 2011.
Ralf Eck ( Metallwerk Plansee) and Mr Ken Brookes (International Carbide Data< UK) as Consulting Editors.
Mr Ken Brookes of International carbide Data , London was invited as the News Editor, which he relinquished after few years.

From the data of chromium diffusivities and parabolic rate constants shown in Figs. 4.6 (a) and (b), that ratio was calculated and plotted in terms of as shown in Fig. 4.6(c).
The other mechanism proposed is the reduction of void formation by the reactive element.
This might be because the reduction of the cationic outward diffusion resulted in the lower vacancy injection to the metal/scale interface [23, 26].
During the experiment, i.e. heating, isothermal oxidation and cooling, the XRD measurement was conducted on the sample surface every 10 s using 6 s for data collection in each measurement.
However, reduction of the growth rate by reactive element additions is also an important effect, particularly for foils and heating elements, since aluminium supply from the matrix in thin foils and wires is very limited.

Since the diamond is chemically inert and its bonding with copper matrix is weak, it may end up with reduction in thermal conductivity and diamond pull-out.
Because grain boundaries increase phonon scattering and create micro-strains, grain size reduction can definitely play a role here [38]. 3.4.
As a result, effective reduction and management of metal wear is constantly desired.
Test Parameters Output Responses Matrix Material Filler material Binder Volume Fraction (%) Load, N Speed, m/s SD (m) Coefficient of friction Wear rate Reduction in volume (mm3) 1 Cu - - - 15 1 20 - - 6 [39] 2 Cu TiB2 - 5 15 1 20 - - 1 [39] 3 Cu TiB2 - 10 15 1 20 - - 0.5 [39] 4 Cu TiB2 - 15 15 1 20 - - 0.4 [39] 5 Cu TiB2 - 20 15 1 20 - - 0.15 [39] 6 Cu - - - 15 1 40 - - 10 [39] 7 Cu TiB2 - 5 15 1 40 - - 1.2 [39] 8 Cu TiB2 - 10 15 1 40 - - 0.55 [39] 9 Cu TiB2 - 15 15 1 40 - - 0.45 [39] 10 Cu TiB2 - 20 15 1 40 - - 0.15 [39] 11 Cu - - - 15 1 60 - - 11 [39] 12 Cu TiB2 - 5 15 1 60 - - 1.5 [39] 13 Cu TiB2 - 10 15 1 60 - - 0.6 [39] 14 Cu TiB2 - 15 15 1 60 - - 0.5 [39] 15 Cu TiB2 - 20 15 1 60 - - 0.15 [39] 16 Cu - - - 15 1 80 - - 11.5 [39] 17 Cu TiB2 - 5 15 1 80 - - 1.6 [39] 18 Cu TiB2 - 10 15 1 80 - - 0.65 [39] 19 Cu TiB2 - 15 15 1 80 - - 0.55 [39] 20 Cu TiB2 - 20 15 1 80 - - 0.15 [39] 21 Cu - - - 15 1 100 - - 12 [39] 22 Cu TiB2 - 5 15 1 100 - - 1.6 [39] 23 Cu TiB2 - 10 15 1 100 - - 0.65 [39]
The wear rate was computed using the algorithm based on the weight loss data, W=∆mρPS (4) W is the specific wear rate (mm3/Nm), Δm is the weight loss (g), r is the density (g/mm3), P is the applied load (N), and S is the sliding distance (m). 3.4.2.

A similar reduction was experienced for a 5 wt% concentration of PI-ODA-GO films.
Refractive index and dielectric constant of SURMOF-2 calculated from experimental data of Cu-BDC at 750 nm wavelength (figure was taken from ref. 121).
Mallick, Reduction of crosstalk in mixed CNT bundle interconnects for high frequency 3D ICs and SoCs, 2014 International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering ICAEE 6838461 (2014) DOI: 10.1109/ICAEE.2014.6838461
Hirsch, Carbon Nanotube Sidewall Functionalization with Carbonyl Compounds—Modified Birch Conditions vs the Organometallic Reduction Approach, Journal of the American Chemical Society 133 (2011) 7985
Mallick, Role of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes in Crosstalk Reduction of CNT Interconnects , IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 12 (2013) 662

Table 2 Mechanical properties of steel [2] Tensile strength (MPa) 0.2% offset Yield strengths Elongation Reduction of area 600 365 MPa 19% 50% However, carbon steel 1.8902 has been used in the automotive and industrial application; the weldability has been little investigated.
Table 4 Chemical composition of stainless steel sheets [3] Steel designation C Cr Ni Mn V Mo Si Ti Nb Cu Fe AISI 321 0.05 19 8.8 1 0.06 0.5 0.72 0.46 0.01 0.31 Rem Table 5 Mechanical properties of stainless steel sheets [3] Tensile strength Yield strength (0.2% offset) Elongation Reduction of area 600 MPa 205 MPa 40% 50% Welding cracks is considered as a serious defect.
In addition, numerical models used to simulate the process, and the effect of welding parameters on the nugget formation to confirm the experimental data [88].
Kim, “Expulsion reduction in resistance spot welding by controlling of welding current waveform,” in Procedia Engineering, 2011, vol. 10, pp. 2775–2781
Lim, “Effect of Electric Weld Current on Spatter Reduction in Spot Welding Process,” Key Eng.

For solution-phase systems, many studies on ∆G dependence have been carried out, especially studies that compare experimental data with the Marcus model.
For comparison with the experimental data, the value of kf for sensitizer dyes is required.
To compare the experimental data with the model calculation, we assume that -∆G0 = -∆Gexp - 0.1 eV.
The experimental data are scattered between the curve for σsite = 0.1 eV and that for 0.2 eV.
The experimental data are plotted with the assumption that -∆G0 = ∆Gexp - 0.1.