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This method was demonstrated in several material systems using zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and magnesium (Mg) alloys and nanoparticles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC), and titanium oxide (TiO2).
Recent works [5] on the Al-Ti-B master alloy grain refining system have used the free growth model to predict inoculant potency.
As seen in Table 1, the Al/SiC system has a 7.6% disregistry suggesting SiC is a potent nucleating agent for Al.
Particle Matrix Particle Plane Matrix Plane % Disregistry SiC Al (001) (100) 7.6% SiC Zn(η) (110) (2100) 13.3% SiC CuZn4(ε) (110) (2100) 6.2% CuZn4(ε) Zn(η) (0001) (0001) 2.9% Table 1.
El-Eskandarany, A.

More information about DOE and its application can be found in Berger et al. [8].
Gunst et al. [9] highlight the fundamental concept, design strategies, and statistical properties of fractional factorial design.
The usage of OED is known in material modeling, where Valadimirov el al. [14] and Bambach et al [15] presented the identification of material models and parameters in plasticity models.
Additionally, Wiebenga el at. [17] used sequential robust optimization to identify optimal process parameters for V-bending process.
The first one is a thin plate spline (TPS) regresseion model as presented by Grzhibovskis et al [20].

Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 24(2003) 46-52 [20] Feng Peide, Li Haitao et. al.: Model for Prediction of Fatigue Residual Life of Composite Laminates[J].
ICCM-11,(1977) 145-156 [29] Hany El Kadi, Yousef Al-Assaf.: Prediction of The Fatigue Life of Unidirectional Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite Laminae Using Different Neural Network Paradigms.
[35] Hany El Kadi, Yousef Al-Assaf.: Prediction of The Fatigue Life of Unidirectional Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite Laminae Using Different Neural Network Paradigms.
[40] Cao Jun, Yuan Shenfang et. al.: Real-time Structural Health Monitoring for Fatigue Crack Growth[J].
[46] Yamaguchi K, Oyaizu H, Johkaji J,et. al.: Acoustic Emission:Current Practice and Future Directions,Amer Soc Test master (1991),1077,123

Kumar et al. [8] examined Cattaneo-Christov flow, while Kumar et al. [9] provided a study for a Casson fluid.
Hybrid ferrofluid as nanoparticles are used by Tlili et al. [12] and Kumar et al. [13].
A non‐Fourier heat flux model for magnetohydrodynamic micropolar is presented by Kumar et al. [17] and for different physical aspects by Kumar et al. [18-20].
In the area of high temperature differences, Abd-El Aziz [30] studied the above effects on a moving semi-infinite plate with a mixed convection flow of a micropolar fluid.
Others performed the biosurfactants to act both as reducing agents and stabilizers in the synthesis of nanoparticles has been reported by Priyadarshini et al. [32], Kasture et al. [33] and Kumar et al. [34].

The framework and its constituent models and their interplay are presented, and some preliminary results when applying this modelling framework to Al-Mg-Si extrusions are presented and discussed in view of corresponding experimental results.
El Mehtedi and L.
Nes, Modelling strain hardening and steady state deformation of Al–Mg alloys, Mater.
Engler, A Simulation of Recrystallization Textures of Al-Alloys With Consideration of the Probabilities of Nucleation and Growth, Textures Microstruct., 32 (1999) 197-219
Engler, Simulation of the Recrystallization Textures of Al-Alloys on the Basis of Nucleation and Growth Probability of the Various Textures Components, Textures Microstruct., 28 (1997) 197-209

All the Al-doped 4H-SiC layers have been experimentally assessed by different technics.
Ohmic electrical contacts (Ti/Al/Ni) have been deposited in the corners of the samples.
Considering that during CVD process the Al atoms incorporated in situ are on substitutional sites, the measured SIMS Al densities correspond to the acceptor densities NA (NA = [Al]).
Fig. 3: Abacus correlating shift in Al0 line vs the Al concentration evaluated by SIMS [7].
Sun, J. el Hassam, S.

A more systematic investigation started with the work of Zhang and Farrar [1], rapidly followed by work of Kang et al. [2], Banguru et al. [3] and finally the recent work by Keehan [4].
Banguru el al [3] presented their strength results in relation to the chemical composition of the weld metals by rationalising the chemical composition into a single parameter, Pcm.
In the work of Banguru et al. [3] a similar trend can be seen.
Both Zhang and Farrar and Kang et al.
Only Kang et al increased the nickel content further, to 7%.

Song et al.2) pointed out that 316L has better properties after solution annealing.
According to Silva et al.3) is this strain – induced α’ martensite transformation inhibited by adding the alloying element nitrogen N. 316LN has a mechanical stable microstructure.
Farahat and El-Bitar4) showed that the induced martensitic transformation starts for Ti- and Nb-alloyed austenitic steels between 36 % and 45 % of thickness reduction by cold rolling.
El-Bitar, Effect of Nb, Ti and cold deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 527, Issues 16–17, 25 June 2010, Pages 3662-3669

El-sera, I.
El-sera, and M.
Tu et al., “Preparation and characterization of thermosensitive artificial skin with a Sandwich structure,” Mater.
Agarwal et al., “Gelatin/Carboxymethyl chitosan based scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering applications,” Int.

All the model columns were tested with the same test setup as Xiao et al. (2005) [10].
Krawinkler, et al: Recommendations for Experimental Studies on Seismic Behavior of Steel Components and Materials, John Blume Center Report, No. 61, Stanford University, 1983
El-Bahy, Sashi K.K. and William C.: Cumulative Seismic Damage of Circular Bridge Columns: Benchmark and Low-Cycle Fatigue Tests.
El-Bahy, Sashi K.K. and William C.: Cumulative seismic damage of circular bridge columns: Variable amplitude tests.