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The harmonic structure is composed of coarse grain area (Core) dispersed in an island-like manner and ultra-fine grain area (Shell) that form a surrounding network.
These grains were found adjacent to coarse grains with relatively high dislocation density.
Consequently, preferential recrystallization occurs in the Shell, leading to grain refinement.
It can be interpreted that the refinement of the grain results in grain boundary sliding, particularly in the Shell, as well as Shell/Core unit rotation.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Japan Society for The Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) Grant Number JP18H05256.

This action led to the abrasion and dehusking of the grains.
The de-husked grains, husk, and remaining un-dehusked grains were then sorted and weighed.
The milled rice was collected and inspected for milled, unmilled, and broken grains.
A certain number of grains passes through the roll gap at a time, while the pressure and the relative velocity between the rollers provide the shear force required to de-husk the grains.
Grain-boundary layering transitions in a model bicrystal.

The number of diamond grits chosen to track the protrusion height of diamond grits in the experiment is 39.
The second mode rarely occurs, therefore it can be considered as improper failure of the diamond abrasive grain.
The number of whole diamond grits decreases in beginning phase, and the fractured, flat, break flat and pull-out increases.
The number of whole diamond grits decreases to zero.
The number of fractured, flat and pull-out rapidly increases.

A fine grain structure with an average grain size of 3–17 mm was obtained by static recrystallization.
The average grain size of the specimens used in the previous studies was approximately 80 mm.
The notation used to refer to the specimens is summarized in Table 2, where the numbers following “d” represent the average grain size of the alloys.
Regardless of grain size, the value of fe was decreased by LTHT.
Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI [Grain number: JP 19K23580, 18H01718 and 16J04279] References [1] F.

The simulation results showed the impingement of arbitrarily oriented grains, and the grains began to impinge and coalesce the adjacent grains with time going on, which made the dendrite growth inhibited obviously.
Herein, noise was introduced by modifying the phase field equation (10) Where is a random number distributed uniformly between -1 and 1, and at each time step, is an amplitude of the fluctuations.
With the increase of time, the grains begin to coalesce and impinge the adjacent grains.
The competitive growth of these grains during solidification was observed.
The solute field distribution in different magnitude of anisotropy Conclusions The multiple dendrites growth showed the impingement of arbitrarily oriented grains, and the grains began to impinge and coalesce the adjacent grains with time going on, which made the dendrite growth inhibited obviously.

These, however, are costly, time consuming and results are not always easy to analyze given the number of variables involved.
All numbers are given in % weight except for N given in ppm.
Variation of temperature versus pass number for the production of wire rod.
Estimated austenite grain size during rolling.
Comparison between measured and predicted ferrite grain sizes.

The route B and C sample exhibited near-equiaxed grains of ~0.5 µm in size (Fig. 1-b and c).
The grains in the route A, B, and C samples were very fine and of a similar size.
This indicated a change in grain boundary characteristics from low-angle to high-angle grain boundaries with increasing ECAP severity.
Interestingly, the route B and C samples showed relatively equiaxed grains with irregular orientations.
Although the number of voids decreased with increasing distance from the fracture surface, they were still observed down into the interior distant from the fracture surface.

Their experimental results showed an increase in alignment of SiC particles in the direction of extrusion, reduction in number of SiC particulate clusters, and improved distribution of the SiC particles as the extrusion temperature decreased.
Average grain sizes of 10-20 μm were achieved by this two-step process.
Grain size refinement.
Fig.8 Grain size of billet and extruded tube Tensile test.
A grain size of less than 10 μm for the extruded products with extrusion temperature of 300℃ was obtained, which is much smaller than 84 μm for the grain size of the billets.

Fig. 2a shows the S-N curves of applied stress amplitude versus number of cycles.
These fine grains are much smaller than the original grains (Fig. 1a).
Near this fine grain area, high density of low angle grain boundaries (white lines in Fig. 4b) have formed.
The size of “fine grains” depends on the stress concentration in the area and number of cycles.
Plastic deformation in the “fine grain, (b).

Introduction Grain refinement is one of the three major technology means of new type alloy, which internationally make traditional material upgrade and create [1] .
The small grain can improve the toughness of the material.
Through its analysis of process parameters, seeking some of the methods and points to improve the preparation of excellent refinement capabilities Al-Ti-B grain refiner, to obtain the desired process parameters.
Time 40min Analyzed in Figure 4 ,Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7, the reaction time was 10min, A striking lack of reaction time, the size and the number of the generated TiAl3 is small; As the extension of reaction time, the size and the number of the generated TiAl3 becomes large, when the reaction time is 40min , TiAl3 assembled partly .
Superheat temperature reached 9300C, the morphology of TiAl3 phases had mutations, a large number of elongated needle appeared.